Summarizes current non-GAAP reporting practices in the industry; TOYOTA VS HONDA

1. Include tables or other appropriate visualizations that reflect information about your companies, including information about those that may not make non-GAAP disclosures at all. (You may refer to the CPA Journal article that you read for ideas, but better yet, come up with more effective visualizations of your own!)

2. What patterns do you see? What disclosures/adjustments are outliers? What are the companies hoping that end users will learn about their company by making these disclosures/adjustments?

3. How do the non-GAAP adjustments and figures disclose enhance/change the financial impression that the company is conveying to the public? (E.g., think back to our analysis of artwork during the live session.)

1. Evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of these disclosures;

   1. Highlight adjustments typically made in the industry (as well as unusual ones you discover), but remember to also evaluate the informativeness of the bottom-line number that is disclosed after the adjustments are made.

   2. Are the reconciliations to GAAP figures helpful or not? How so?

   3. For what purposes might these disclosures be helpful to stakeholders? What is their value added?

      1. This necessitates a consideration of where/how GAAP is deficient.

      2. Be sure your discussion clearly identifies which stakeholders and for what kinds of decisions.

   4. Highlight best and worst practices.

      1. Be sure to include specific examples.

      2. Evaluate the qualities of these disclosures that make them the best/worst.

         • Use the FASB’s conceptual framework as a reference point.

2. Highlights important lessons to be learned (both positive and negative) from current practices in the industry.

   1. What choices could the client make to improve upon current practices in the industry? What types of non-GAAP disclosures does your team think the company should adopt/avoid? Explain the logic behind your suggestions.