Suppose a professor splits their class into two groups: students whose last names begin with A-K and students whose last name begin with L-Z. If p1 and p2 represent the proportion of students who have an iPhone by last name, would you be surprised if p1 did not exactly equal p2?

If we concluded that the first initial of a students last name is NOT related to whether the person owns an iPhone, what assumption are we making about the relationship between these two variables?