Suppose that we are conducting a clinical trial. Let X represent taking the drug or not, Y represent recovery and Z represent the gender of the participant. Given the causal graph below, find the direct effect of taking drugs on the recovery ratio using the adjustment formula. Men Women Combined data X Uz IZ Drug 81 out of 87 recovered (93%) 192 out of 263 recovered (73%) 273 out of 350 recovered (78%) UY Y No drug 234 out of 270 recovered (87%) 55 out of 80 recovered (69%) 289 out of 350 recovered (83%)