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Suppose we introduce the following point defects. (a) Zr4+ ions substitute for yttrium atoms in Y2O3 (b) Ag1+ ions substitute for magnesium ions in MgO

Suppose we introduce the following point defects.

(a) Zr4+ ions substitute for yttrium atoms in Y2O3
(b) Ag1+ ions substitute for magnesium ions in MgO
(c) Fe2+ ions replace sodium ions in NaCl

What other changes in each structure might be necessary to maintain a charge balance?

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