TABLE 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 537,303 CHILDREN IN THE DANISH COHORT CHARACTERISTIC VACCINATED CHILDREN (N 440,655) UNVACCINATED CHILDREN (N 96,648) P VALUE number (percent) Sex 0 55 Male Female Birth weight 2499 g 226,042 (51 3) 214,613 (48 7) 49,680 (51 4) 46,968 (48 6) 0 001 21,633 (4 9) 5,164 (5 3) 2500 2999 g 53,874 (12 2) 12,062 (12 5) 3000 3499 g 135,630 (30 8) 29,262 (30 3) 3500 3999 g 135,255 (30 7) 29,143 (30 2) 4000 g 66,358 (15 1) 14,563 (15 1) Socioeconomic status Data missing Gestational age 36 wk 37 41 wk 42 wk Data missing Manager (very high) 27,905 (6 3) 6,454 (6 7) 0 001 19,029 (4 3) 3,129 (3 2) 272,345 (61 8) 40,609 (42 0) 27,349 (6 2) 3,986 (4 1) 121,932 (27 7) 48,924 (50 6) 0 001 41,367 (9 4) 9,940 (10 3) Wage earner (high) 85,772 (19 5) 16,187 (16 7) Wage earner (medium) 70,906 (16 1) 13,753 (14 2) Wage earner (low) 116,503 (26 4) 26,699 (27 6) Wage earner (minimal) 57,408 (13 0) 10,996 (11 4) Unemployed 67,841 (15 4) 18,519 (19 2) Data missing 858 (0 2) 554 (0 6) Mother's education 0 001 Postgraduate education 26,118 (5 9) 5,856 (6 1) College 67,776 (15 4) 14,599 (15 1) Vocational training 178,553 (40 5) 34,006 (35 2) Secondary school 42,667 (9 7) 10,164 (10 5) Primary school 114,768 (26 0) 28,680 (29 7) Data missing 10,773 (2 4) 3,343 (3 5) Age at diagnosis of autistic disorder 0 87 2 yr 48 (0 01) 9 (0 01) 3 5 yr 187 (0 04) 31 (0 03) 6 yr 34 (0 01) 7 (0 01) Age at diagnosis of another 0 19 autistic spectrum disorder 2 yr 3 5 yr 32 (0 01) 3 (0 003) 202 (0 05) 37 (0 04) 118 (0 03) 30 (0 03) 6 yr P values are based on the chi square test of statistical independence Data were available from the Danish Medical Birth Registry only until December 31, 1996 The employment status of the head of the household was used to indicate socioeconomic status The New England Journal of Medicine TABLE 2 ADJUSTED RELATIVE RISK OF AUTISTIC DISORDER AND OF OTHER AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS IN VACCINATED AND UNVACCINATED CHILDREN VACCINATION PERSON YEARST AUTISTIC DISORDER OTHER AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS NO OF CASES ADJUSTED RELATIVE RISK (95 CI) ADJUSTED RELATIVE RISK NO OF CASES (95 CI) Total 2,129,864 316 422 Vaccination No 482,360 53 1 00 77 1 00 Yes 1,647,504 263 0 92 (0 68 1 24) 345 0 83 (0 65 1 07) Age at vaccination Not vaccinated 482,360 53 1 00 77 1 00 14 mo 200,003 38 1 18 (0 78 1 80) 43 0 88 (0 60 1 28) 15 19 mo 1,320,753 195 0 86 (0 63 1 17) 270 0 83 (0 64 1 08) 20 24 mo 69,242 17 1 19 (0 69 2 07) 12 0 62 (0 33 1 13) 25 35 mo 40,935 11 1 20 (0 63 2 31) 15 1 09 (0 63 1 91) 36 mo 16,572 2 0 56 (0 14 2 30) 5 0 64 (0 26 1 59) Interval since vaccination Not vaccinated 482,360 53 1 00 77 1 00 6 mo 212,805 6 11 mo 197,931 21 12 17 mo 183,460 22 312 3 0 39 (0 11 1 32) 8 1 18 (0 51 2 75) 1 38 (0 76 2 51) 4 0 31 (0 10 0 91) 1 07 (0 59 1 95) 16 0 92 (0 47 1 80) 18 23 mo 168,045 31 0 86 (0 52 1 41) 16 0 47 (0 26 0 86) 24 29 mo 154,290 42 0 99 (0 61 1 58) 32 0 77 (0 46 1 27) 30 35 mo 139,258 33 0 86 (0 54 1 38) 27 0 69 (0 43 1 11) 36 59 mo 406,320 90 0 99 (0 66 1 50) 158 1 05 (0 77 1 45) 60 mo 185,396 21 0 67 (0 34 1 33) 84 0 75 (0 51 1 09) Date of vaccination Not vaccinated 482,360 53 1 00 77 1 00 1991 1992 248,646 31 1 00 (0 59 1 70) 61 0 75 (0 51 1 09) 1993 1994 659,152 81 0 73 (0 50 1 06) 146 0 74 (0 56 0 99) 1995 1996 475,990 96 0 91 (0 63 1 30) 116 1 13 (0 81 1 56) 1997 1999 263,716 55 1 35 (0 84 2 17) 22 0 71 (0 40 1 24) The relative risk was adjusted for age, calendar period, sex, birth weight, gestational age, mother's education, and socioeconomic status of the family The reference group was the group of children who were not vaccinated The distri bution of cases of autistic disorder or other autistic spectrum disorders according to vaccination status differs from that in Table 1 because, in this analysis, children who were vaccinated after the disorder had been diagnosed were classified according to their vaccination status at the time of the diagnosis (i e , as unvaccinated) CI denotes confidence interval Because of rounding, the numbers of person years do not necessarily sum to the total shown Table 1 Association between Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) and MMR vaccination before index date, before and after third birthday, and before and after age 18 months Unadjusted OR (95 CI) Adjusted OR (95 CI) p (for adjusted OR) MMR vaccination before index date At any age No MMR vaccination (1 0) Vaccinated with MMR 0 73 (0 59 0 91) 0 86 (0 68 1 09) 0 21 Before and after third birthday No MMR vaccination (1 0) MMR vaccination before third birthday 0 75 (0 60 0 95) 0 90 (0 70 1 15) 0 39 KAMR vaccination after third birthday 0 68 (0 50 0 94) 0 77 (0 55 1 08) 0 13 Before and after age 18 months No MMMR vaccination (1 0) MMR vaccination before 18 months 0 76 (0 60 0 96) 0 90 (0 70 1 15) 0 39 MMR vaccination after 18 months 0 69 (0 54 0 89) 0 80 (0 61 1 05) 0 11 OR odds ratio Adjusted for age joined GPRD UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD) Table 2 Association between diagnosis of autism or other PDD and MMR vaccination MMR vaccination before index date Autism only Unadjusted OR (95 CI) Adjusted OR (95 CI) p (for adjusted OR) No MMR vaccination (1 0) Vaccinated with MMR 0 77 (0 60 0 98) 0 88 (0 67 1 15) 0 35 Other PDDs only No MMR vaccination (1 0) Vaccinated with MMR 0 60 (0 39 0 92) 0 75 (0 46 1 23) 0 25 OR odds ratio Adjusted for age joined GPRD UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD)

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TABLE 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 537,303 CHILDREN IN THE DANISH COHORT. CHARACTERISTIC VACCINATED CHILDREN (N=440,655) UNVACCINATED CHILDREN (N=96,648) P VALUE* number (percent) Sex 0.55

TABLE 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 537,303 CHILDREN IN THE DANISH COHORT. CHARACTERISTIC VACCINATED CHILDREN (N=440,655) UNVACCINATED CHILDREN (N=96,648) P VALUE* number (percent) Sex 0.55 Male Female Birth weight 42 wk Data missing Manager (very high) 27,905 (6.3) 6,454 (6.7)

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