Table 12.3 Forces Affecting Change Now that we have discussed some of the causes for resistance to change-and the forces that affect a change -we will discuss some of the ways we, as leaders, can begin a change process in order to ensure its success. Group and Individual External Pressures Change Readiness Characteristics - Industry changes - Needs . The beliefs, attitudes, and intentions regarding . Technological changes the extent to which changes are needed . Values . Market changes . The organization's capacity to successfully . Personality traits - Changes in undertake those changes government regulationTable 12.2 Causes of Resistance to Change Organizational Causes Group Causes Individual Causes Threats to power Group norms Fear of the unknown Group inertia Group cohesion Fear of failure Organizational structure Leadership Job security Sunk costs Individual characteristics Resource constraints Previous experiences Table 12.1 Main Types of Changes in Organizations What type of change is discussed in our opening story? Strategic Structural People Processes - Adapt to new business New company- situations wide computer Change occurs usually system - Management to improve workplace New target markets changes efficiency - New dress code . Enter into a global market policy - Employee New processes for departures (planned sales, accounting, . Change fundamental . Changes to the or unplanned) marketing, and approach to the way the organizational functional areas company does business chart As you can see in Table 12.1, strategic change refers to a complete change in how a company does business-for example, entering into a global market or offering new products. Structural changes refer to the skeletal way the company does business. Changing the organizational chart to combine two departments is an example of a structural change. An example of people change might be the departure of the chief executive officer or manager. Process changes often occur to promote workplace efficiency, such as a new process to report sales. Each of these types of changes is discussed later in the chapter. First, let's discuss what can happen if we do not manage or lead the change effectively