Technology firms, pharmaceutical firms, oil and gas companies, and other ventures inevitably incur costs on unsuccessful investments in new projects (e.g., new technologies or new drugs). For oil and gas firms, a debate continues over whether those costs should be written off as a period expense or capitalized as part of the full cost of finding profitable oil and gas ventures. However, GAAP in the United States is clear that R&D costs are to be expensed when incurred.

Luther Technologies, an automotive supplier, has been writing R&D costs off to expense as incurred for both financial reporting and internal performance measurement. However, this year a new management team was hired to improve the profit of Luther's Self-Driving Division. The new management team was hired with the provision that it would receive a bonus equal to 12.5 percent of any profits in excess of base-year profits of the division. However, no bonus would be paid if profits were less than 15 percent of end-of-year investment. The following information was included in the performance report for the division:

	This Year	Base Year	Increase over Base Year
Sales revenues	$ 12,500,000	$ 12,000,000
Costs incurred
R&D expense	0	2,400,000
Depreciation and other amortization	2,300,000	2,200,000
Other costs	4,800,000	4,700,000
Division profit	$ 5,400,000	$ 2,700,000	$ 2,700,000
End-of-year investment	$ 35,000,000a	$ 30,000,000

^aIncludes other investments not at issue here.

During the year, the new team spent $3.4 million on R&D activities, of which $3.0 million was for unsuccessful ventures. The new management team has included the $3.0 million in the current end-of-year investment base because "not all great ideas make it to development."

Required:

a. What is the ROI

a-1. for the base year and the current year if R&D is expensed? Ignore taxes.

a-2. for the current year if R&D is capitalized? Ignore taxes.

b. What is the amount of the bonus that the new management team is likely to claim?

c. If you were on Luthers board of directors, how would you respond to the new management's claim for the bonus?