Tesco Exits South Korea Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen (Cohen), who invested his serviceman's gratuity of 30 in a grocery stall. The first private label product introduced by Cohen was Tesco Tea. The name Tesco was a combination of the initials of the tea supplier TE Stockwell, and the first two letters of Cohen's name. Tesco opened its first store in 1929 in Edgware, London. In 1947, Tesco Stores (Holdings) Limited was floated on the Stock Exchange with a share price of 25 pence and the first supermarket was opened in 1956 in Maldon, Essex, England. The first superstore was opened in 1968 in Crawley, West Sussex. In the 1960s, Tesco went on an expansion spree and acquired several store chains. The Retail Price Maintenance (RPM) Act in Britain prohibited large retailers from pricing goods below a price agreed upon by the suppliers. To overcome this obstacle to price reduction, Tesco introduced trading stamps. These were given to customers when they purchased products and could be traded for cash or other gifts. RPM was abolished in 1964, and from then on, Tesco was able to offer competitively priced products to its customers in a more direct manner. The first Tesco superstore, with an area of 90,000 square feet, was opened in 1967. TESCO'S GLOBAL EXPANSION Tesco's global expansion began in 1979, when it entered Ireland by acquiring a 51% equity stake in '3 Guys stores'. In 1986, Tesco divested itself of the stores after it found that it could not sustain its operations in the country as customers were rejecting the British products that it sold. During the late 1980s and the early 1990s, Tesco examined the options available in the US and European countries after the British government introduced new regulations on 'out-of-town' stores. In December 1992, Tesco entered France by acquiring an 85% equity holding in Catteau supermarkets, which operated under the Cedico brand with 72 superstores, 7 hypermarkets, and 24 small stores. However, Tesco failed to sustain itself in the market due to competition from French retailers like Carrefour and Promods. In 1995, a law was passed in France which prohibited the opening of new large retail stores. Moreover, the company failed to adapt its products to suit local tastes and lost market share. In 1996, in spite of investing an additional 300 million in France, sales in the country grew by a mere 1%. In the year 1997, Tesco sold its operations in France to Prom odes. TESCO IN SOUTH KOREA In the early 1990s, there was a growing demand from consumers in South Korea for a modern shopping experience owing to rapid economic growth and increasing disposable incomes. The government had adopted protectionist policies and the retail sector was not open for foreign direct investment (FDI). Tesco entered South Korea in 1999 through a joint venture with Home plus, a unit of the country's biggest business group Samsung Corporation (Samsung). In the next few years, Tesco became the most successful international retailer in the country. Its success was attributed to its ability to localize its products and stores to appeal to the South Korean consumers; its operating through local management; and its strong presence through different store formats. South Korea went on to become Tesco's most successful international business in terms of revenue. Tesco had in its kitty 140 hypermarkets, 609 supermarkets, and 326 convenience stores . 2 KK TESCO'S STRATEGIES IN SOUTH KOREA Immediately after entering into the joint venture, Tesco went about upgrading the store layouts. The stores were modified to resemble department stores, which were spacious and clean. Tesco's stores in Korea did not resemble its stores in the UK or in other European locations like Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Ireland. CHANGES IN THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT In October 2012, when Tesco posted its first fall in profits in 20 years, the company also announced that its profits in South Korea would take a 100 million hit due to the "retail market development bill" that had been passed by the government in November 2010. However, changes in the operating environment in South Korea due to new laws that were enforced beginning 2010 to protect small retailers and merchants started to impact Tesco and other large retailers. These laws placed restrictions on the locations where supermarkets could be opened. The Distribution Industry Development Act passed in 2012 imposed restrictions on the time for which the stores could remain open and also specified that on two weekends every month the large retail stores should be closed. As most Koreans shopped during the weekends, these restrictions started to impact Tesco, which made losses in 2015. Under the impact of the global recession, the private spending in South Korea fell. Another factor that impacted Tesco in South Korea was its UK business, which was not doing well. TESCO'S EXIT FROM SOUTH KOREA After several months of speculation, Tesco sold its South Korean stores to Asian private equity firm MBK Partners for 4.2 billion on September 07, 2015. On September 07, 2015, Tesco PLC (Tesco), a British multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer, announced that it had sold its South Korean business, operated under the name Home plus, for 4.2 billion to a consortium of companies led by MBK Partners, a South Korean buyout firm. The consortium included Canada Pension Plan Investment Board, Public Sector Pension Investment Board, and Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited (Source : Adopted from www.icmrindia.org//date of accession 18th August 2019)

QUESTION 1 (20 Marks) Large corporations like Tesco face a host of challenges operating in International Markets. Using the case of Tesco as an example describe the challenges faced by companies in International expansion.

QUESTION 2 (20 Marks) Discuss Leveraged Buy Outs(LBOs) and Mergers and Acquisitions as a strategic tool for internationalization by modern day corporations.

QUESTION 3 (20 Marks) Elaborate vision and mission statements of corporations with suitable examples. Discuss the components of a mission statement. QUESTION 4 (20 Marks) Discuss ways to measure competitiveness of any industry with appropriate examples.

QUESTION 5 (20 Marks) Discuss the principles of good governance as illustrated by the Business Week magazine for most large American Multinational Companies.

QUESTION 6 (20 Marks)

Write Short Notes on ANY FOUR (4). 6.1 Liquidity Ratios and Leverage Ratios 6.2 Forward Integration 6.3 Product Development 6.4 Differentiation 6.5 BCG Matrix