Textbook Public Finance and Public Policy by Jonathan Gruber, 5th Edition; Worth/Macmillan Publications, 2015.

1. State and federal governments actively support education at the primary, secondary, and collegiate levels. But they mandate education at the primary and secondary levels, while merely provide subsidies and loan guarantees at the collegiate level. Of the key rationales for public provision of education described in section 11.1 of the text, which do you think underpins this differential treatment?