The article "The next stop for the pandemic" from the Financial Times outlines the potential economic impact of the coronavirus crisis on developing countries.

Give an example of how a) GDP, b) GDI, and c) GNDI might be affected in a country of your choice. For a), b), and c) give a concrete example of a transactions that affects the three concepts and briefly justify your example by referring to the definition of each concept.

The next stop for the pandemic

Across Africa, Asia and Latin America, governments with far less

firepower than their counterparts in the west are fighting to keep

coronavirus at bay and their economies afloat. Some fear a

catastrophe.

By David Pilling, Andres Schipani and Amy Kazmin

Commuters hold on to the side of an overcrowded passenger train in Soweto, a few weeks before a three-week

lockdown was imposed in South Africa to prevent the spread of coronavirus

Themba Hadebe/AP Photo

Wara Mendoza sells remote controls in El Alto, a sprawling and impoverished satellite city of the

Bolivian capital, La Paz. Her mother hawks

saltea

meat pies in the outdoor market and her father

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drives a taxi along its streets. Now, with

armoured vehicles in the neighbourhood

imposing a lock-down, none of her family is

supposed to be outside.

"I understand the fight against coronavirus,

but it is hard to enforce in a place where we

need to go to sell every day in order to eat,"

says the 25-year-old, who is one of millions

of Bolivian workers struggling to survive as

the informal economy lurches to a standstill.

After weeks in which prosperous countries

from Italy to the US have battled both the

pandemic and its economic fallout, the fight

against corona-virus is moving to a new

front. Across Africa, Latin America and much of Asia, governments with far less firepower than

their western counterparts are figuring out how to keep the pandemic at bay and their economies

afloat.

It is not clear they can do both. With Europe and the US, the virus arrived first, forcing a public

health response, and then as the enormity of the crisis struck home a massive fiscal and

monetary injection. In much of the developing world, the sequence has happened in reverse, with

the economic devastation of coronavirus arriving before the epidemic itself.

States that were already financially stretched have been hit by the sudden stop of global economic

activity, depriving them of the wherewithal to mount anything like a western-style response. Oil

exporters in Africa and Latin America have watched the price of Brent crude collapse from $70 a

barrel in January to less than $30 this week, leaving their budgets in tatters.

Emerging market assets have been dumped on a scale never seen before. According to the Institute

of International Finance, foreign investors have withdrawn $95bn from stocks and bonds since

they woke up to the crisis on January 21. That is four times the outflows in the same period after

the start of the 2008 global financial crisis.

As capital is pouring out, remittances the lifeblood of economies from the Philippines to

Nigeria are dwindling. Many foreign workers in western cities, especially those working as

hotel staff, chefs or drivers, have lost their jobs.

It does not stop there. With flights cancelled, Kenyan farmers can no longer sell cut flowers or

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mange touts to European supermarkets.

Tourism has collapsed. Sites such as Machu Picchu in Peru are closed. East Africa's game parks

are deserted. In Thailand, keepers say that without tourist revenue to pay for food their elephants

risk starvation.

India was already in a protracted slowdown when the country's coronavirus caseload began to

climb at the start of March. But Prime Minister Narendra Modi's abrupt decision to impose a 21-

day nationwide curfew has thrown the economy into a tailspin.

Mr Modi gave no warning of the impending lockdown, making it impossible for businesses to

maintain even skeletal operations. That has ruptured supply chains for essential items such as food

and pharmaceuticals, soap and disinfectant. Capital Economics forecasts that India, with its 1.4bn

people, will grow at just 1 per cent in 2020 that would be its worst performance in four decades.

Even in Brazil, where President Jair Bolsonaro has scoffed at the virus as a mere "sniffle",

governors in regions covering 200m of the country's 210m people are closing non-essential

businesses and calling on people to stay home.

Vulnerable health systems

After the economic crisis came the virus itself. Africa, which had practically no cases a month ago,

now has more than 7,000, with clusters of infections in almost every one of its 54 countries. Cases

in Brazil alone quadrupled in the past week to more than 8,000. While that is still behind Europe

and the US, the numbers are rising rapidly and public health experts worry the pandemic could tear

through tightly packed slums and informal settlements in some cities.

Nor do poorer countries have robust health systems. Africa is the worst off. Governments on the

continent spend an average per capita of $12 a year on health compared with $4,000 in the UK,

according to the OECD. "Everybody is talking about ventilators," says Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, a

former Nigerian finance minister. "I hear some countries have less than 100."

Some experts hope that generally younger populations will limit the number of fatalities. Africa

has a median age of 19.4 against 40 in Europe. Of the continent's 1.2bn people, only about 50m

are over 60. In India, the median age is 27. In Latin America, 31.

There is also speculation that the virus might spread more slowly in hot and humid climates,

though evidence for this is patchy. Set against that are the number of people who are malnourished

or whose immune systems are compromised by HIV and other conditions, especially in Africa.

That could mean the death rate is actually higher. Bill Gates has warned that 10m people could die

in Africa if the virus is not contained, while Imperial College London estimated the global death

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toll which at the moment is under 60,000 would have reached 40m had the world not

responded.

That leaves developing countries struggling to figure out how to balance the public health response

with the risk of economic collapse. Cyril Ramaphosa, South Africa's president, last week imposed

a three-week lockdown before a single coronavirus death.

In Nairobi, Kenya's capital, authorities have stopped short of a full lock-down, instead imposing

social distancing and a nightly curfew. Patrick Gathara, a Kenyan political cartoonist, wonders if a

western-style shutdown is sustainable or whether people will rebel. "It's all very well to say

lockdown, but what does it mean if people are starving in their houses?" he asks.

Dele Olojede, a Nigerian Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist now living in South Africa, says he

understands the dilemma. "In shantytowns or townships people don't have the wherewithal to

stockpile food and social isolation is physically impossible," he says. Yet he still thinks that

lockdowns of limited duration may help buy time.

He has been impressed at the decisiveness of the South African government, which last week sent

out a fleet of 67 shiny white coronavirus-testing vans capable of processing results in 45 minutes.

In Nigeria, which was quick to snuff out an Ebola outbreak in 2014, authorities were carefully

scanning patients at Lagos airport in February when travellers were still breezing unchecked

through US airports.

Still, Ricardo Hausmann, a Venezuelan development economist at Harvard University, is not

holding out great hope. "The situation in the advanced economies is likely to be much more benign

than what developing countries are facing."

Calls for global support

Ms Okonjo-Iweala, chair of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, says the health and economic impacts are

intertwined: "If we don't deal appropriately with the health part, the economics are going to fall

completely apart."

She is impressed by the range of measures mustered on her own continent, including emergency

spending, tax cuts and experiments with quantitative easing. Some African countries are planning

mobile money transfers to people struggling to survive.

"But if you look at the extent of the measures they've taken, it's about 0.8 per cent of gross

domestic product," she says. "They don't have the fiscal space to be able to do very much. For

these countries to come out of it, you need to look at something like a stimulus in the range of

Kristalina Georgieva, managing director of the IMF, estimates that emerging countries may need

as much as $2.5tn in support.

If the magnitude of the crisis for developing countries is far worse than in 2008, so far the

international response has been less impressive. Rich countries have battened down the hatches as

they fight the pandemic themselves. The US and China, the two global superpowers, have bickered

over the cause and origin of the global spread, hampering an international response.

The IMF has taken some action, making $50bn available in quick-release funds for which 85

countries have already applied. Unctad, the UN's trade and development agency, is calling for an

immediate issuance of $1tn in new special drawing rights, a proxy for foreign reserves, and for the

richest countries to pool their allocations and make them available to the poorest.

Richard Kozul-Wright, Unctad's director of development strategies, says advanced economies

should see this not as a humanitarian gesture but as an act of self-insurance. "If the outbreak really

does catch hold in the south, there's no way the advanced economies will be able to stop the

blowback."

Vera Songwe, executive secretary of the UN Economic Commission for Africa, worries that food

inflation could spark riots across the developing world. She is disappointed with the global

response. "If we need an example of what the lack of multilateralism looks like, we're seeing it

today," she says. "If one of us has the virus, all of us have it."

Mr Hausmann says developing economies have been left in the lurch both in terms of their ability

to fight the pandemic and to counter its economic impact. Even in the best of times, he says, they

are financially stretched. "And these," he points out, "are not the best of times."

Additional reporting by Jonathan Wheatley

'If we need an example of what the lack of multilateralism looks like, we're seeing it today. If one of us

has the virus, all of us have it'

Vera Songwe, executive secretary of the UN Economic Commission for Africa, below

'In shantytowns or townships people do not have the wherewithal to stockpile food and social isolation is

physically impossible'

Dele Olojede, Nigerian journalist

$1tn

Inspecialdrawing rightsthattheIMF hasbeenurgedby theUNtoissue

$50bn

Inquick-release

IMFfunds,forwhich 85nationshave alreadyapplied