The Big Dig was no exception to the rule. The Big Dig was part of the extensive program for infrastructure improvement for Boston. Program management was required for: Making Related Projects Work Together: Coordinating to ensure the Big Dig worked with all the other projects. Resource Optimization: Optimally handling and distributing project resources to get the best value from the program. Strategic Oversight$$Offer strategic direction and oversight to ensure the project aligns with broader transportation and urban development objectives. Conclusion The Big Dig is a project management case study that demonstrates the problems and complexities of managing projects dealing with large$-$scale infrastructure projects. There is essential knowledge in this study concerning facing the constraints of management, aligning with strategic goals, and distinguishing between the roles of project and functional management.