The core argument of Jeffrey Pfeffer$$s leadership irrelevance theory is that:

a$.$ workers who incorporate strong professional norms often require a minimum of supervision and leadership.

b$.$ information technology can provide workers at all levels with useful performance feedback enabling them to guide their own productivity.

c$.$ factors outside the leader$$s control have a larger impact on business outcomes than do leadership actions.

d$.$ when members of a highly trained group are focused on a goal, they may require almost no leadership to accomplish their task.