The creation of Money Market Mutual Funds ("MMMFs"), commercial paper, junk bonds has had which of the following effects on the banking industry? a. Increased the pool of good quality loans and raised the risk-adjusted yield spreads over bank borrowing costs. b. Increased competition among financial institutions and decreased the number of potential good quality loans and decreased the risk-adjusted yield spreads over bank borrowing costs. c. Caused banks to respond either by increasing the riskiness of their loan portfolios or trying to get into investment banking and other financial areas that generate fee income. d. MMMFs and junk bonds are financial products whose markets are insignificant, so banks have not had to change their products they offer, the lines of businesses they are in, nor the manner in which they operate. e. Both b and c are correct answers