The degree of operating leverage has which of the following characteristics?

a. The closer the firm is operating to breakeven quantity, the smaller the DOL.

b. A change in quantity demanded will produce the same percentage change in EBIT as an identical change in price per unit of output, other things held constant.

c. The DOL is not a fixed number for a given firm, but will depend upon the time zero values of the economic variables Q (Quantity), P (Price), and V (Volume).

d. The DOL relates the change in net income to the change in net operating income. If the firm has no debt, the DOL will equal 1.