The enhancements and organizational models of police management systems implemented by August Vollmer continue to influence administrative police structures today. Which statement best describes the effects of these organizational changes on policing?

Professionalism and accountability were established as critical factors for effective policing.

Police administrators established their authority over officers and their influence on policing models.

A centralized police organization led to the militarization of police agencies across the United States.

The top$-$down approach to governance in police agencies resulted in undue bureaucracy.