The female Associate Professor at an Australian University recently complained about the recent round of promotions from Associate Professor to Professor. An analysis of the relations between gender and promotion was undertaking, with probabilities presented in the table below:

Female

0.03 Those promoted to Professor

0.12 Those not promoted to Professor

Male

0.17 Those promoted to Professor

0.68 Those not promoted to Professor

(a) What is the rate of promotion among female Associate Professor?

(b) What is the rate of promotion among male Associate Professor?

(c) How correct is the accusation that the university is a gender biased workplace? Discuss.