The First Amendment is clear in its protection of the freedom of expression: "Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances." However, only Justices Black and Douglas have ever adhered to a literalist interpretation of the Freedom of Expression Clause. All other justices have been willing to place some restrictions on the freedom of expression.