The following are the details of two potential merger candidates, Northrop and Grumman, in 1993

	Northrop	Grumman
Revenues	$4,400.00	$3,125.00
Cost of Goods Sold (w/o Depreciation)87.50%		89.00%
Depreciation	$200.00	$74.00
Tax Rate	35.00%	35.00%
Working Capital	10% of Revenue	10% of Revenue
Market Value of Equity	$2,000.00	$1,300.00
Outstanding Debt	$160.00	$250.00

Both firms are expected to grow 5% a year in perpetuity. Capital spending is expected to be offset by depreciation. The beta for both firms is 1 and both firms are rated BBB, with an interest rate on their debt of 8.5% (the treasury bond rate is 7%).

As a result of the merger, the combined firm is expected to have a cost of goods sold of only 86% of total revenues. The combined firm does not plan to borrow additional debt.

a. Estimate the value of Grumman, operating independently.

b. Estimate the value of Northrop, operating independently.

c. Estimate the value of the combined firm, with no synergy.

d. Estimate the value of the combined firm, with synergy.

e. How much is the operating synergy worth?