The following factors increase labor force participation of mothers, EXCEPT Select one:

a.rising educational attainment of women

b.a $10 subsidy per hour of childcare

c.higher concentration of low-skilled immigration in the area d.increase in the value of their nonmarket time e.the availability of grandmothers to help with childcare

What can explain declining labor force participation of men?

Select one:

a.Reduction in the labor force participation of men of retirement age due to better functioning Social Security b.Decreased coverage of disability income programs among low-skill men c.The number of stay-home dads is driving the change d.Wives' increased employment outside of the home, youngmen remain in school longer e.Changing nature of jobs in the manufacturing sector as jobs have become less physically demanding, so men are less interested in working

Below are explanation for why black male participation rates have declined faster than those of white males. Which one is FALSE?

Select one:

a.Due to discrimination, black men's wages are lower than those of white men with similar education b.Labor market opportunities for the less educated men are declining, and black males have less education on average than white males c.Discouragement: black unemployment rates are already rather low, twice as low as those of whites d.Stronger enforcement of child support laws which works like a tax on labor earnings and thus discourages labor force participation of black fathers

e.Higher incarceration rates combined withpoor employment prospects ofex-offenders

Gender pay ratio (female earnings divided by male earnings) is currently around

Select one:

a.0.70

b.0.88

c.0.80 d.0.60

e.0.75

The gender earnings ratio decreases with age for all of the following reasons EXCEPT this one

Select one:

a.Older womenaccumulated less work experience than men of their age b.Young women encountered less discrimination c.Older women often interrupted their labor force attachment for family-related reasons d.Women in younger generations are less educated than older generations