The following financial statements are provided from the prior accounting period for J & L Accounting, Inc.:

Post-closing trial balance

Balance sheet

Income statement

Statement of retained earnings

J & L Accounting, Inc. Post-Closing Trial Balance December 31, 2017
	Balance
Account Title	Debit	Credit
Cash, Business Checking	$20,500.00
Accounts Receivable
Prepaid Rent
Vehicles	48,000.00
Accumulated Depreciation, Vehicles		$12,000.00
Equipment	3,600.00
Accumulated Depreciation, Equipment		600.00
Accounts Payable
Common Stock		38,000.00
Retained Earnings		21,500.00
Dividends
Service Revenue
Advertising Expense
Rent Expense
Office Supplies Expense
Telephone Expense
Utilities Expense
Depreciation Expense
Totals	$72,100.00	$72,100.00

J & L Accounting, Inc. Balance Sheet As of December 31, 2017
Assets
Cash, Business Checking		$20,500.00
Accounts Receivable		0.00
Prepaid Rent		0.00
Vehicles	$48,000.00
Less: Accumulated Depreciation, Vehicles	12,000.00	36,000.00
Equipment	3,600.00
Less: Accumulated Depreciation, Equipment	600.00	3,000.00
Total Assets		$59,500.00
Liabilities
Accounts Payable		$0.00
Total Liabilities		$0.00
Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock		$38,000.00
Retained Earnings		21,500.00
Total Stockholders' Equity		$59,500.00
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity		$59,500.00

J & L Accounting, Inc. Income Statement For the Month Ending December 31, 2017
Revenues
Service Revenue		$10,275.00
Expenses
Advertising Expense	$2,300.00
Rent Expense	1,000.00
Office Supplies Expenses	300.00
Telephone Expense	750.00
Utilities Expense	3,200.00
Depreciation Expense	1,100.00
Total Expenses		8,650.00
Net Income		$1,625.00

J & L Accounting, Inc. Statement of Retained Earnings For the Month Ending December 31, 2017
Retained Earnings December 1, 2017	$19,875.00
Add: Net Income	1,625.00
Subtotal	21,500.00
Less: Dividends	0.00
Retained Earnings, December 31, 2017	$21,500.00

1. Using Form A from the graded project forms you downloaded (make as many copies as necessary), set up the accounts for the general ledger and insert the beginning balances for the accounts from the post-closing trial balance. The balances from the post-closing trial balance become the beginning balances of the accounts for the next account period.

2. Journalize the following transactions in the general journal using Form B from the graded project forms you downloaded (make as many copies as needed). Each journal entrys debits should equal its credits. This is a fundamental GAAP that cant be violated. (A journal entry error, such as posting $1,010 instead of $1,100, can be corrected at the adjusting/correcting journal entries step.)

On January 1, 2018, a payment in cash for $12,000 is made for prepaying rent for the entire year 2018.

On January 4, 2018, accounting services are performed and payment is received in cash for the amount of $1,900.

On January 9, 2018, a payment in cash for advertising is made in the amount of $850.

On January 10, 2018, office supplies are purchased in the amount of $75 with cash.

On January 14, 2018, accounting services are performed and payment is received in cash for the amount of $2,725.

On January 20, 2018, the telephone bill for the amount of $660 is received and paid with cash.

On January 20, 2018, the utility bill for $2,925 is received. The bill wont be paid until its due on February 15, 2018.

On January 27, 2018, accounting services are performed on account in the amount of $3,750.

On January 28, 2018, a payment in cash for $1,500 is made for a bill from an advertising agency.

3. Post the general journal entries from the journal to the corresponding general ledger accounts, paying particular attention to whether theyre debits or credits. Use the Post Ref. column to ensure that each line item of the journal entries is posted correctly to each general ledger account. Posting from the journal to the general ledger is simply rearranging the information. If the debits equal the credits for a particular journal entry and the information is posted correctly, the total of the debits should equal the total of the credits in the general ledger.

4. Calculate the balances in the general ledger accounts, running the numbers several times for accuracy. Often, debits wont equal credits on the trial balance because a hand-held calculator is used and the math is done only once. Using a hand-held calculator can introduce errors. This is why an Excel spreadsheet is recommended. However, if a hand-held calculator is all thats available to you, be sure to do the math enough times that you know the calculations are accurate. To calculate the balances in the ledger accounts, do the following:

Add the debits.

Add the credits.

Subtract the larger amount from the other, or, alternatively, keep the running balance of the amount in the account and whether its a debit or credit on the ledger.

5. Create an unadjusted trial balance from the balances in the general ledger accounts. If the debit and credit columns are unequal, an error has been made and must be found and corrected. See Section 1.3 for an example of an unadjusted trial balance. Use Form C from the Graded Project Forms you downloaded.

6. Journalize the following adjusting journal entries in the general journal, being sure that the debits equal the credits:

Calculate and make the adjustment for the amount of prepaid rent that has been used.

Make an adjusting journal entry in the amount of $1,000 for depreciation of the vehicles.

Make an adjusting journal entry in the amount of $100 for depreciation of the equipment.

7. Post the adjusting journal entries to the respective general ledger accounts, again being sure that the postings are to the correct debit or credit side and using the Post Ref. column.

8. Calculate the new balances in the general ledger accounts. Create an adjusted trial balance from the balances in the general ledger accounts using another copy of the form used to create the unadjusted trial balance. See Exhibit 3-3 in your textbook for an example of an adjusted trial balance. Make sure the math is correct and that the debit column is equal to the credit column. If not, dont continue until the error has been found.

9. Create the income statement for J & L Accounting, Inc. using the information from the adjusted trial balance. Use Form D from the Graded Project Forms you downloaded to create the income statement. Its format should be the same as that of the statement provided at the beginning of the project for the prior accounting period.

10. Create the closing journal entries in the general journal to close the revenue, expense, and dividend accounts to the retained earnings account, paying attention to debits equaling credits.

11. Post the closing journal entries to the respective general ledger accounts.

12. Calculate the balances in the general ledger accounts.

13. Create a post-closing trial balance from the balances in the general ledger accounts using the same blank form as used for the unadjusted trial balance. Your post-closing trial balance should be in the same format as the post-closing trial balance provided at the beginning of the project for the prior accounting period. Make sure the math is correct and that the debit column is equal to the credit column. If not, dont continue until the error has been found.

14. Create the balance sheet for J & L Accounting, Inc. using the information from the post-closing trial balance. If the debits equal the credits from the previous work and the closing entries were made properly, then the accounting equation should balance on the balance sheet. If the assets dont equal the liabilities plus stockholders equity, an error has been made that needs to be corrected. The balance of the accounting equation is another fundamental GAAP principle that cant be violated. Use Form D from the Graded Project Forms you downloaded to create the balance sheet. Its format should be the same as that of the statement provided at the beginning of the project.

15. Create the statement of retained earnings for J & L Accounting, Inc. using the ending balance from the statement of retained earnings from the prior period and the net income from the income statement for the January accounting period. (No dividends were paid out during the month of January.) Follow the same format from the statement of retained earnings at the beginning of the graded project for the prior accounting period using the blank form that follows. Use Form E from the Graded Project Forms you downloaded.