The following table gives abbreviated balance sheets and income statements for Walmart. At the end of fiscal 2017, Walmart had 3,050 million shares outstanding with a share price of $142. The company's weighted-average cost of capital was about 5%. Assume a tax rate of 35%.

Balance Sheet (figures in $ millions)
	End of Year			Start of Year
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and marketable securities	$	6,936		$	7,047
Accounts receivable		5,794			6,015
Inventories		43,963			43,226
Other current assets		3,691			2,121
Total current assets	$	60,384		$	58,409
Fixed assets:
Net fixed assets	$	114,998		$	114,358
Other long-term assets		30,220			27,138
Total assets	$	205,602		$	199,905
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	46,272		$	41,613
Other current liabilities		32,609			25,675
Total current liabilities	$	78,881		$	67,288
Long-term debt		37,005			42,198
Other long-term liabilities		11,487			12,261
Total liabilities	$	127,373		$	121,747
Total shareholders' equity		78,229			78,158
Total liabilities and shareholders equity	$	205,602		$	199,905
Income Statement (figures in $ millions)
Net sales	$	500,523		$	486,053
Cost of goods sold		373,576			361,436
Selling, general, and administrative expenses		96,161			91,953
Depreciation		10,709			10,260
Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)	$	20,077		$	22,404
Interest expense		2,358			2,447
Taxable income	$	17,719		$	19,957
Tax		4,600			6,985
Net income	$	13,119		$	12,972
Dividends		6,304			6,875
Addition to retained earnings	$	6,815		$	6,097

a. Calculate the market value added. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer in millions rounded to nearest whole number.)

b. Calculate the market-to-book ratio. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)

c. Calculate the economic value added. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer in millions rounded to nearest whole number.)

d. Calculate the return on start-of-the-year capital. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places.)