1. The following table show results from a (fictional) study on the relationship between socioeconomic status (by proxy of education level) and physical activity. Based on these results, is gender an effect modifier, a confounding variable, or neither?

Odds Ratio of Level of Physical Activity
	Odds Ratio
Less than high school	1.00 (Reference)
High school diploma	1.55
Bachelor's or higher	1.92
Females
Less than high school	1.00 (Reference)
High school diploma	1.67
Bachelor's or higher	1.96
Males
Less than high school	1.00 (Reference)
High school diploma	1.98
Bachelor's or higher	3.04

b. The following table show results from a (fictional) study on the relationship gender and consumption of fruits and vegetables. Based on these results, iseducation an effect modifier, a confounder, or neither?

Odds Ratio of Level of Physical Activity
	Odds Ratio
Females	1.00 (Reference)
Males	0.47
High school diploma
Females	1.00 (Reference)
Males	0.95
Bachelor's degree
Females	1.00 (Reference)
Males	0.97
Master's degree
Females	1.00 (Reference)
Males	1.01

c. The following table provides crude and stratum-specific odds ratios (OR) for a fictitious study. Select anypositive confounders.

Variable	Crude OR	Stratum-Specific ORs
OR1	OR2
Gender	1.75	1.62	4.00
Occupation	1.73	1.37	1.18
Menopausal status	3.23	3.21	3.25
Ethnic minority status	1.55	2.35	2.40

d. The following table provides crude and stratum-specific odds ratios (OR) for a fictitious study. Select anynegative confounders.

Variable	Crude OR	Stratum-Specific ORs
OR1	OR2
Gender	1.75	1.62	4.00
Occupation	1.73	1.37	1.18
Menopausal status	3.23	3.21	3.25
Ethnic minority status	1.55	2.35	2.40