The IPO process involves several entities, such as the issuing company, institutional investors, brokers, lawyers, regulators, retail investors, and an intermediary company.

Consider the following IPO deal:

On August 10, 2012, Manchester United PLC (MANU), a professional soccer team in the English Premier League, went public with the sale of 16,666,667 shares of Class A ordinary common shares for $14 per share. The sale, which raised $233,333,338, was led by the Jeffries Group, Inc. and conducted with assistance from Credit Suisse Group AG and JP Morgan. A variety of other banks across the world participated in the sale by offering shares to their customers.

Beginning on August 9, 2012, and running for two weeks, roadshows were conducted in the United States by one management team and across Europe and Asia by a second team of MANU executives.

What was the purpose of the roadshows conducted by MANUs management and its investment bankers?

To sell MANU shares to favorite and preferred investors prior to their availability to the public.

To generate pre-sale promotional publicity for the issue and identify the number of shares that prospective investors are willing to purchase at the offering price range quoted in the registration statement.

The underwriter in the IPO process has several responsibilities.

True or False: Underwriters sell IPO shares only to their institutional clients.

False

True

Assume that a stock-issuing firm has a choice between a private placement selling the shares for $23.00 per share or a best efforts offering that will sell all available shares at the prices described in the following probability distribution:

Best efforts expected probability distribution

	Probability	Selling price
Lowest quoted price	20%	$22.50
Mid-range price	50%	$24.00
Highest quoted price	30%	$25.00

Assuming that the issue is fully subscribed, or sold, which method would generate the most capital for the issuing firm?

Best efforts sale

Private placement