The Keynesian approach is to understand, explain and anticipate the behaviour of total expenditure. This is accomplished by dividing total expenditure into different components of expenditure. If one assumes that consumption and investment are the only types of expenditure in the economy, together they constitute total expenditure. Total expenditure = Total production C + I = Total production C + I = Y

3.1. Based on the Keynesian model above, graphically illustrate the function of each spending component of total expenditure. (6)

3.2. If C = f (real disposable income (YD); wealth; expectations ; habits ; demographic factors; etc.), discuss two (2) factors on which real consumption depends in the economy. (4)

3.3. If I = f (interest rates; expectations; business confidence; regulations), explain the relationship between real investment rates and real investment, and between business confidence and investment. (2)

3.4. Differentiate between real and nominal interest rates using the Fisher equation. (3)

The year 2011 was characterized by a sluggish economy and high unemployment when millions of Americans lost their homes and businesses closed. How did this happen? Back in 2008, there was a global banking crisis that was the worst since the Great

Back even further, in 2000, the tech bubble burst. Share prices in high-tech companies fell dramatically and major financial frauds were discovered, including Worldcom, Enron, and Global Crossings. Governments wanted to keep consumers spending to head off an economic slowdown, so they chose to dramatically cut interest rates by over 5 percent, down to near 1 percent. Given this historic low cost of credit, consumers borrowed money, lots of it. By far the most significant borrowing related to home loans, that is, mortgages. By 2007, household debt rose to 127 percent of disposable income in the United States and Canadian household debt was climbing also. Home mortgages resulting from the housing boom became the biggest financial bubble in history. As more and more homes were purchased, housing costs rose rapidly.

While everyone wants a home, the reality is that not everyone can afford the cost of buying one. But with relatively cheap mortgage interest, many were buying homes, from first-time homeowners to long-time homeowners who wanted bigger and fancier houses. And banks were writing up mortgages for people who would not normally qualify. Banks typically look at the income of the borrower and assess the ability of the borrower to make the mortgage payments. But this criterion was overlooked more and more because the banks and everyone else believed that the prices of houses would continue to rise. These mortgages were called subprime mortgages. In 2004, subprime mortgages made up 10 percent of all mortgages. By 2006, this percentage doubled.

These riskier mortgages became an international problem. After mortgages were written, the banks sold them to investment banks. The investment banks in turn bundled these mortgages into securities, selling them in the open market to investors. They were called mortgage-backed securities, or MBSs.

MBSs have been traded since the 1980s as a safe investment, as only low-risk conventional mortgages were bundled. With the rapid increase in mortgages being written, more and more MBSs appeared. Investors liked the increasing return that was promised given the higher and higher percentage of sub-prime mortgages that made up the newer MBSs. And bank lenders wrote riskier and riskier mortgages because investment banks demanded them and the banks were passing on the risk to investment banks and investors. Given the involvement of banks, investment banks, and investors, it was very difficult to know where the risk was. Investors relied on ratings agencies, specifically Moody's and Standard and Poor's, for advice on safe investments. And these agencies were more than willing to oblige. Between 2000 and 2006 the number of AAA ratings exploded. MBSs were rated as AAA even though they consisted of a higher percentage of subprime mortgages.

The potential return from MBSs convinced the investment banks to request that the limits on the amount of money they could borrow to buy these securities be raised. In 2004, the SEC relaxed limits on leverage and these banks were allowed to take on as much risk as they liked. By 2007, the five largest investment banks increased their levera... [2:39 PM, 2/20/2022] flo: Chapter 6 - The Legal and Political Environment of Global Business)

(b) Explain what are the objectives of the government in introducing the law in the country you selected. The summary should provide readers with sufficient information about the law as well key or interesting findings . Note that the article should not be an internet article or an opinion piece.

It should be from one of the library databases(e.g. ABI/INFORM) to be considered a credible source

Part 2. Identify and discuss at least 2 key lessons that you learned from reading this selected article. These should relate to the challenges of implementing or complying with the specific requirements of the law in a global business environment.

Explain what are the objectives of the government in introducing the law(Examples include Contract Law, Tax law, Antitrust law, Product Safety law, Dispute Settlement law, Intellectual Property Protection law) in the country from a peer-reviewed article. please include article link or reference

Companies may react to a sudden increase in demand by having workers work longer hours rather than hiring new workers. People who had previously left the labor force have now reentered in order to find work. If the size of the labor force increases at about the same rate as the number of employed workers, the unemployment rate will stay more or less the same. Six months of growth is too short a time to see an improvement in the unemployment rate. The lag between an increase in GDP and a drop in unemployment is typically 9 to 15 months.

every question needs answers

The Australian Prime Minister recently announced measure to help the economy from the Covid19 pandemic. The Australian government have introduced a financial grant for people to build their first home. The grant is worth $25,000. The owners must live in the house once its completed, and they must use local workers to build the house. How do you think this will help the Australian economy? Be specific, and provide examples in your answer. 2. Consider an economy. The growth rate of nominal GDP in the recent year was 8% and the growth rate of real GDP was 5%. What does such difference indicate? What do you think the government of this country should do next year?

Consider a pure exchange economy with two consumers, A and B, and two goods, x and y. Consumer A has endowment (3, 1). Consumer B's endowment is (0, 2). Both agents regard goods x and y as perfect (one-for-one) complements. (a) Depict this situation in an Edgeworth Box. (b) What is the contract curve for this economy? (c) What prices are consistent with general equilibrium in this economy? Can you determine the final allocation of goods that will result from market exchange at equilibrium prices? (d) How would your answers to (a)-(c) change if B regarded x and y as perfect (one-for-one) substitutes? (e) Your answers above may suggest that it is better not to have linear indifference curves in an Edgeworth Box economy. What is the intuition for this? Does this intuition apply in exchange economies with many more than two consumers?

Consider a pure exchange economy with two goods, wine (x) and cheese (y) and two con sumers, A and B. Let cheese be the numeraire good with price of $1. Consumer A's utility function is UA(x, y) = x/2y/2 while B's utility function is UB (x, y) = x/4/4. A's initial allocation is 30 units of x and 30 units of y. B's initial allocation is 70 units of x and 20 units of y. (a) Put wine r on the horizontal axis and cheese y on the vertical axis. Measure goods for consumer A from the lower left and goods for consumer B from the upper right. Mark the initial allocation with the letter W. Draw the indifference curves for each person through this point. Calculate utility at this allocation for both consumers. Is the initial resource allocation consistent with Pareto efficiency? Explain. (b) Identify the contract curve of Pareto efficient allocations in this economy and show this on your graph. (c) Find the competitive equilibrium prices and consumption for each type of consumer. Derive A's and B's demand functions (gross/Marshallian). Calculate the equilibrium price of wine assuming price of cheese is $1, using Walras' Law. (d) Verify that the First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics holds.

Now consider a bank that invests in these projects. There are N=1,000 agents. All agents are identical ex ante in the above sense. Suppose they all deposit $1 each with the bank. The bank offers the following demand deposit contract (d, d) where di is the amount and agent can withdraw at T=1 and d is the amount he can withdraw at T=2. b) Suppose d=1.2. What is the amount d that the bank can offer an agent who withdraws at T=2? What is the expected utility of an agent? [4 Points] c) Suppose d=3.6. What is the amount d that the bank can offer an agent who withdraws at T=1? What is the expected utility of an agent? [4 Points] Suppose the bank offers (d,d) = (1.4, 3.6). An agent expects that M=640 other agents will withdraw at T=1. d) What is the best response of the type-2 consumer, i.e. does he has an incentive to run to the bank and withdraw at T=1? [3 Points] e) What is the maximum number of withdrawals at T=1 such that a type-2 consumer has no incentive to withdraw at T=1.

Consider an economy that lasts for T = periods. The parameters of the economy are gA = 0.02, gL = 0, s = 0.12, 8 = 0.1, a=0.5. Also, A = L = 1. When we refer to steady-states, we always refer to positive ones. That is, we never look at the uninteresting steady-state in which * = 0. 1. Compute the steady-state value of capital per unit of effective labor, k*, where capital per unit of effective labor at any time t is kt do not need to derive the formula for it, but it could be good practice to do so. = ALL. You 2. Show that if k> K*, then kt+1 < kt, and vice versa that if t < k*, then kt+1> kt. How do we call this property? To answer this question only, do not replace the model parameters with the values provided above. You can choose whether to answer with question analytically (that is, using formulas) or graphically. 3. Assume the economy in period t = 2 is at the steady-state (the same steady state you computed in question 1.). Compute the value of capital, K. Then, assume that in period t = 2 the growth rate of technology 9 increases to 0.04. Keep in mind that when the change happens, K has been already determined from savings in period t = 1. Compute k3 and K3. How are they different from k2 and K? Provide intuition.

Consider a two-period economy populated with consumers that have the same income and the same preferences. There is also a government whose objective is to spend 60 in period 0 and 150 in period 1. This government can issue bonds in period 0. Each bond pays interest rate r. Consumers can also issue bonds at the same interest rate. Consumers' optimal decisions, given r, imply that aggregate consumption C is equal to (Yo-To)+(Y-T)/(1+r). Suppose that Y = 300 and that income is expected to remain at this level in period 1. a) Define the competitive equilibrium of this economy. b) Show that, together, the three conditions given in a.) imply that the equilibrium value of r is given by T = 2(Y - G) Yo - Go - 1. A major recession begins in period 0. As a result, economic activity falls by 18 in period 0. Economists expect this recession to continue into period 1: National income is expected to fall by 20 in period 1. Consumers believe these economists.

Discuss the methods for measuring the GDP

Discuss the circular flow of income.

What are the determinants of price level.

Consider an exchange economy with two goods, ale and bread. There are two individuals, Ann and Bob, whose initial endowments are as fol lows: Ann has 40 units of ale and 20 units of bread, and Bob has 20 units of ale and 40 units of bread. The utility from consuming a ale and b bread is u(a, b) = (a) (b) for Ann, and the utility from consuming az ale and b2 bread is u(a2, b) = (0) (6) for Bob. (1) If we normalize the price of bread to 1, for an arbitrary ale price p (relative to bread), given Ann's endowments, what is the demand for ale and bread for Ann? (2) If we normalize the price of bread to 1, for an arbitrary ale price p (relative to bread), given Bob's endowments, what is the demand for ale and bread for Bob? (3) What is the price that will clear both markets? (4) What is the competitive equilibrium allocation for this exchange economy? Is it Pareto efficient?

Consider an exchange economy with two goods (1 and 2) and two consumers (Anna and Bob). Anna's utility is uA = A1A2, while Bob's utility is given by UB=B1 + B2. Initial endowments are (3,0) for Anna, and (0, 2) for Bob.

(a) Find all Pareto efficient allocations.

(b) Find the competitive equilibrium.

(c) Draw a clearly labeled Edgeworth box.

(d) Are the preferences of Anna and Bob any different? Does it make sense to treat them differently?

Consider a two person exchange economy with preferences for person i {1,2} being u(c) and endowments being w, where c = (cc) and the endowment for person 1 is wi (w1,0) with w > 0, and for person 2, teh = endowment is w2 = (0, w) where w > 0. Assume one consumer has Cobb Douglas Utility function, and the other has Leontief preferences. a. Construct the Edgeworth box carefully for this economy. b. Define the set of socially feasible allocations. c. Define the Contract Curve, and show depict it in the Edgeworth box.

no half work answer everything