The original commercial version of Ethernet supported $10$ Mbps bandwidth; the version introduced in the early $1990$s supports $100$ Mbps; and in $1998,$ Gigabit Ethernet was introduced. All versions use the same data frame formats, with the same maximum PDU sizes, so they can interoperate freely. Given this information and what you know of layered technologies, which of the following statements is true? $($Choose all that apply.$)$

Ethernet works at the Data Link and Physical layers of the OSI model, and upgrades to newer, faster versions of Ethernet can be made by changing only the components that work at these layers.

Ethernet spans several layers and requires a new protocol stack to upgrade to new versions.

Changes in technology at one layer of the OSI model don$$t usually affect the operation of other layers.

Ethernet isn$$t considered a scalable technology.

The addition of information to a PDU as it$$s passed from one layer to the next is called which of the following?

PDI transforming

Encapsulation

Deencapsulation

Converting

Layers acting as though they communicate directly with each other across the network are called which of the following?

Partners

Synchronous

Interchangeable

Peers

Place the following letters in the correct order to represent the OSI model from Layer $7$ to Layer $1$:

Presentation

Data Link

Session

Physical

Application

Transport

Network

Which OSI layer creates and processes frames?

Which OSI layer handles flow control, data segmentation, and reliability?

Application

Physical

Transport

Data Link

Which OSI layer governs how a NIC is attached to the network medium?

Which OSI layer determines the route a packet takes from sender to receiver?

$7$

$1$

$3$

$4$

Which OSI layer is responsible for setting up$,$ maintaining, and ending ongoing information exchanges across a network?

$6$

$3$

$2$

$5$

Which of the following elements might the Data Link layer add to its PDU? $($Choose all that apply.$)$

Physical addresses

Logical addresses

Data

CRC

When and how many times is a CRC calculated?

Once, before transmission

Once, after receipt

Twice, once before transmission and again on receipt

At the source and destination and at each intermediary device

Which layer of the OSI model does Project $802$ divide into two sublayers?

Physical

Data Link

Network

Session

What are the names of the sublayers specified as part of Project $802?($Choose all that apply.$)$

Data Link Control $($DLC$)$

Logical Link Control $($LLC$)$

Carrier Sense Multiple Access$/$Collision Detection $($CSMA$/$CD$)$

Media Access Control $($MAC$)$

Which term refers to stripping header information as a PDU is passed from one layer to a higher layer?

Deencapsulation

Encapsulation

PDU stripping

Packetization

Which IEEE $802$ standard applies to Ethernet?

$802\mathrm{.}2$

$802\mathrm{.}3$

$802\mathrm{.}4$

$802\mathrm{.}5$

$802\mathrm{.}11$

Which IEEE $802$ standard applies to wireless LANs?

$802\mathrm{.}2$

$802\mathrm{.}3$

$802\mathrm{.}4$

$802\mathrm{.}5$

$802\mathrm{.}11$

What$$s the name of the PDU at the Transport layer?

Bit

Packet

Segment

Data

At which OSI layer does the PDU contain sequence and acknowledgment numbers?

Application

$4$

Data Link

$6$

Which of the following is an example of software found at the Application layer? $($Choose all that apply.$)$

FTP

TCP

HTTP

ICMP

At which Data Link sublayer does the physical address reside?

Media Access Control $($MAC$)$

Logical Link Control $($LLC$)$

Data Access Control $($DAC$)$

Network Access Control $($NAC$)$

Which of the following problems can occur at the Physical layer?

NIC driver problems

Incorrect IP addresses

Signal errors caused by noise

Incorrect segment size