The policy of affirmative action arose when

Select one:

a$.$ it became apparent that disadvantaged Americans would not attain equal employment through the $1964$ Civil Rights Act alone or through individual lawsuits.

b$.$ the Supreme Court declared in Bakke that the Fourteenth Amendment requires government and large firms to hire more women and minorities.

c$.$ the Supreme Court ruled that de facto discrimination is unlawful.

d$.$ private firms decided on their own that a more diverse workforce was actually a more productive and effective workforce.

e$.$ the Supreme Court rendered its Adarand v$.$ Pe$$a decision in $1995.$