The presence of so many officers on the scene, ironically, was a major factor in law enforcement's delay. An estimated 376 officers from various local, state, and federal agencies responded to the shooting, and it took law enforcement 77 minutes to intervene and neutralize the shooter. The large number of different law enforcement agencies created confusion in leadership as to who was in charge of making decisions. This was a major contributor to the bystander effect. The "volunteers dilemma" is a great example explained by Campos-Mercade, in which when people are alone and faced with an emergency situation, they tend to provide immediate assistance in the belief that they are doing a good deed. However, when people are in a group setting and an emergency occurs, they tend to shift that belief into someone else in the group will help instead. This essentially contributesto a longer response time inemergency situationssuch as the one in Uvalde.