The principal of collective responsibility for maintaining local law and order established by the a. tithing system. b. frankpledge system. c. spoils system. d. patronage system. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Study and other research conducted in the 1970s found that a. rapid response to calls had almost no impact on arrest rates. b. increasing preventive patrol had no effect on crime. c. police investigators were largely ineffective. d. all of the preceding