The process of bond valuation is based on the fundamental concept that the current price of a security can be determined by calculating the present value of the cash flows that the security will generate in the future.

There is a consistent and predictable relationship between a bonds coupon rate, its par value, a bondholders required return, and the bonds resulting intrinsic value. Trading at a discount, trading at a premium, and trading at par refer to particular relationships between a bonds intrinsic value and its par value. This also results from the relationship between a bonds coupon rate and a bondholders required rate of return.

Remember, a bonds coupon rate partially determines the interest-based return that a bondwill pay, and a bondholders required return reflects the return that a bondholderwould like to receive from a given investment.

The mathematics of bond valuation imply a predictable relationship between the bonds coupon rate, the bondholders required return, the bonds par value, and its intrinsic value. These relationships can be summarized as follows:

When the bonds coupon rate is equal to the bondholders required return, the bonds intrinsic value will equal its par value, and the bond will trade at par.When the bonds coupon rate is greater than the bondholders required return, the bonds intrinsic value will exceed its par value, and the bond will trade at a premium.When the bonds coupon rate is less than the bondholders required return, the bonds intrinsic value will be less than its par value, and the bond will trade ata discount .

For example, assume Oliver wants to earn a return of 15.75% and is offered the opportunity to purchase a $1,000 par value bond that pays a 13.50% coupon rate (distributed semiannually) with three years remaining to maturity. The following formula can be used to compute the bonds intrinsic value:

Intrinsic ValueIntrinsic Value= = A(1+C)1+A(1+C)2+A(1+C)3+A(1+C)4+A(1+C)5+A(1+C)6+B(1+C)6A1+C1+A1+C2+A1+C3+A1+C4+A1+C5+A1+C6+B1+C6

Complete the following table by identifying the appropriate corresponding variables used in the equation.

UnknownVariable NameVariable ValueABonds semiannual coupon payment $67.50 BBonds par value $1,000CSemiannual required return

Based on this equation and the data, it isunreasonable to expect that Olivers potential bond investment is currently exhibiting an intrinsic value greater than $1,000.

Now, consider the situation in which Oliver wants to earn a return of 16.5%, but the bond being considered for purchase offers a coupon rate of 13.50%. Again, assume that the bond pays semiannual interest payments and has three years to maturity. If you round the bonds intrinsic value to the nearest whole dollar, then its intrinsic value of (rounded to the nearest whole dollar) is its par value, so that the bond is .

Given your computation and conclusions, which of the following statements is true?

When the coupon rate is less than Olivers required return, the bond should trade at a discount.

When the coupon rate is less than Olivers required return, the intrinsic value will be greater than its par value.

When the coupon rate is less than Olivers required return, the bond should trade at a premium.

A bond should trade at par when the coupon rate is less than Olivers required return.