The Productivity Commission Report (2017) "Shifting the Dial: 5-year productivity review" Commission suggests that "without policy change, the avoidable social costs of congestion are expected to rise to at least $31.4 billion by 2030."In fact, cities such as London and Singapore have had congestion taxes for a number of years. Congestion pricing, where road tolls are higher during peak period compared with off-peak are aimed at reducing traffic in peak hours.

Both the Productivity Commission and the Grattan Institute reports were published prior to the global pandemic Covid 19. How may this have changed this policy stance?

Here is the report

https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/productivity-review/report/4-towns-cities