The purpose of this lab project is to become more comfortable with the shell and shell commands. It consists of the following five parts:

PART $1$: Experiment with some basic shell commands.

Open a terminal window on your Linux virtual machine.

Notice the shell prompt components: user@hostname:dir$

Use the pwd command to identify your location.

Use the cd $/$ command to get to the root of your directory tree structure.

Use the cd ~ command to get back to your user's home directory.

Take a screenshot $($filename: screenshot$\_1)$ of the above activities.

Clear the shell with the clear command.

PART $2$: Learn about commands to get help.

Use the man ls command to review the ls command. Type q to quit.

Use the info ls command to review the ls command. Take note of how this is different from the man command. Type q to quit.

Use the help command to find out more information about itself by typing in help help

Take a screenshot $($filename: screenshot$\_2)$ of the above activities.

Clear the shell with the clear command.

PART $3$: Learn about commands to navigate the directory tree structure while creating files and directories.

While in your user's home directory, use the ls $$l $/$ command to view the contents of the $/$ directory.

Take a mental note of which directories are part of the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard $($FHS$)$ and those that are not $($refer back to the learning materials for this module$).$

Use the mkdir test$1$ command to add a new directory in your home directory.

Use the cd command to change into the test$1$ directory that you just created in the previous step.

Use touch file$1$ to create a new empty file in the test$1$ directory.

Use the ls command with a single option $($flag$)$ to view the details of file$1.($If you can't remember which option is used to view the details, what can you do to view the available options for that command?$)$

Use rm file$1$ to delete it$.$

Exit the test$1$ directory and return to its parent directory.

Use rmdir test$1$ to delete it$.$

Use the mkdir command to add a directory named test$2$ in your home directory.

Copy the $/$etc$/$passwd file to the ~$/$test$2$ directory so a copy of $/$etc$/$passwd is stored at ~$/$test$2/$passwd$.$bak

Use one command to verify that the copy of $/$etc$/$passwd was successfully made to ~$/$test$2/$passwd$.$bak while also indicating that it is not empty. The output of this command must consist of only two short lines.

Take a screenshot $($filename: screenshot$\_3)$ of the above activities.

Clear the shell with the clear command.

PART $4$: Learn about commands used to view the contents of files.

Use the cat command to review the contents of the ~$/$test$2/$passwd$.$bak

Take a screenshot $($filename: screenshot$\_4)$ of the above activity.

Clear the shell with the clear command.

Resize your terminal window to make it half of the height that it was before by dragging the bottom of the window up$.$

Now try step $1$ again, but use the less command instead of cat. $($Use the up and down arrow keys to scroll through the file, type in q$,$ to exit less.$)$

Return your terminal window to its previous height by dragging the bottom of the window down.

Now try step $1$ again, but use the head command instead of cat.

Now try step $1$ again, but use the tail command instead of cat.

Try steps $7$ and $8$ again, but add the $-$n$2$ option$/$flag to the head and tail commands and see what happens.

Type cat $>$ file$1$ and enter a single sentence about how you feel about Linux. Hit Enter and then type CTRL $+$ d to exit.

Type cat file$1$ to view its contents.

Create another file with this command ls $-$la ~ $>$ file$50$

Append to the end of file$50$ the contents of ~$/$test$2/$passwd$.$bak using this command cat ~$/$test$2/$passwd$.$bak $>>$ file$50$

Review the final contents of file$50$ your work using the less command. You should remember how to exit less.

Search file$50$ for any lines with the word root by using this command: grep root file$50$

Take a screenshot $($filename: screenshot$\_5)$ of the above activities.

Clear the shell with the clear command.

PART $5$: Try out some new commands!

w

who

whoami

cal

date

date $+\%$Y

let linuxage$=$$$($date $+\%$Y$)-1991$

echo 'Linux is$\text{'}$ $linuxage 'years old!$\text{'}>$ birthday

cat birthday

cat birthday $|$ wc

env $|$ grep PATH

groups

id

uname $-$a

hostname

shutdown $($before entering this command, be prepared to type in the next command very quickly afterward $-$ within $60$ seconds!$)$

shutdown $-$c

Take a screenshot $($filename: screenshot$\_6)$ of the above activities.

After taking this screenshot, if you are unsure what the previous commands are used for based on their output, go back and review the man page for the ones you are unsure about.