The p-value for a hypothesis test is defined as the probability of observing a ___________________________________________________.

1. critical value at least as extreme as the one selected for the hypothesis test, assuming the null hypothesis is true
2. critical value at least as extreme as the one selected for the hypothesis test, assuming the null hypothesis is false
3. sample mean at least as extreme as the one selected for the hypothesis test, assuming the null hypothesis is true
4. population mean at least as extreme as the one selected for the hypothesis test, assuming the alternative hypothesis is true