The researchers therefore need to account for these variables - either through experimental design and before the data gathering, or through statistical analysis after the data gathering process. In this case the researchers are said to account for their effects to avoid a false positive (Type I) error (a false conclusion that the dependent variables are in a casual relationship with the independent variable). Thus, confounding is a major threat to the validity of inferences made about cause and effect (internal validity). There are various ways to modify a study design to actively exclude or control confounding variables (3) including Randomization, Restriction and Matching.

In randomization the random assignment of study subjects to exposure categories to breaking any links between exposure and confounders. This reduces potential for confounding by generating groups that are fairly comparable with respect to known and unknown confounding variables.

Restriction eliminates variation in the confounder (for example if an investigator only selects subjects of the same age or same sex then, the study will eliminate confounding by sex or age group). Matching which involves selection of a comparison group with respect to the distribution of one or more potential confounders.

1. In the mitochondria, relate the concept of the receptor-mediated endocytosis and the replication of Bunyavirus

2. How is the term serology familiar to you when used to screen the population of antibodies?

3. Which cannot detect the growth of Bunyavirus in cultured cells? Explain

4. Explain the concept of the Bunyavirus genera in determining the Oropouche

5.The Puumala virus belongs to the genus? Explain in details

6. Demonstrate a clear history of the origin in terms of timelessness of the first reovirus isolation

7. The capsomers of Orbivirus are. Explain in the parameter of the required shape

8. Shed light on theAsymptomatic infection as contributive to therotavirus?

9. Where is the homeland for the divergence of the rotaviruses? Elaborate

10. Which PH levels have the likelihoods of infectivity of orthoreovirus