The standard of review used by the Connecticut Supreme Court in determining whether the takings were constitutional under the $5$th was:

The takings were reasonably necessary to achieve the City of New London's intended public use.

The takings were substantially necessary to achieve the City of New London's intended public use.

There eas clear and convincing evidence that the economic benefits of cit of New London$$s plan would in fact come to pass.

The evidence was beyond a reasonable doubt that the economic benefits of the City of New London$$s plan would in fact come to pass.