The success of a federally funded, locally administered manpower program was measured by the proportion of clients who moved from subsidized employment into unsubsidized (private sector) employment and remained there for a certain length of time. A random sample of n = 376 clients of the program produced the following results .

Education Success Failure

8 years or less 13 19

9 to 11 years 76 45

12 years 107 65

13 years or more 32 19

i. Estimate the marginal probabilities of success and failure.

ii. Test the hypothesis that the program outcomes are independent of educational level using a 2 test of independence.