The three major interrelated forces that transformed traditional pattern of land ownership into current fragmentation in Asia, according to Gunnar Myrdal, are:

a. Wealthy landowners value their land holdings because of power and prestige, more efficient balance labor/land, & lower transaction costs

b. Rural-to-urban migration, low income & low level of technology & capital

c. Land reforms, rural social & institutional structures, efficient family size farming.

d. Intervention of European rules, progressive introduction of monetized transactions & increased power of money lender, rapid growth of population.