The traditional theory of the firm assumes that firms are short-run profit maximisers. An alternative assumption is that firms seek to maximise long-run profits.

In what way might each of the following lead to smaller short-run profits but larger long-run profits?

-A large-scale advertising campaign

-Opening up a new production line

-Investing in research and development

-Launching a takeover bid for a rival company

-Installing expensive filter equipment to reduce atmospheric pollution from the factory's chimneys: