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The unadjusted RR of cancer comparing the cities, Madeupcity to Hypotheticom, is 2, but the standardized cancer rate is the same in both cities. This

The unadjusted RR of cancer comparing the cities, Madeupcity to Hypotheticom, is 2, but the standardized cancer rate is the same in both cities. This most likely indicates that

a. There was information bias.

b. Age is a confounder.

c. City is an effect modifier.

d. Madeupcity residents are twice as old as those in Hypotheticom.

e. The prevalence of cancer is twice as high in Madeupcity.

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