The use of biopharmaceuticals dates back to the 19th century. Within 5-10 years up to 50% of all drugs in development are expected to be biopharmaceuticals. In the 1980s, the biopharmaceutical industry experienced a significant growth in the production and approval of recombinant proteins such as interferons (IFN ,, and ) and growth hormones. The production of biopharmaceuticals, known as bioprocess, involves a wide range of techniques exemplifying the upstream and the downstream as shown in Figure 1. (a) Suggest the type of product being produced and major downstream processing involved. 5Marks][CO4,PO3,C5] (b) You are given a task to minimize the downstream processing cost, and decide to remove the liquid-liquid extraction and diafiltration processes. Discuss what are the possibilities that may risen along the new proposed process and the quality of product. [11 Marks] [CO6, PO4,C3] (c) Summarize the relationship between the parameter variants and final product. [4 Marks] [CO4, PO3,C5]