The WACC is used as the discount rate to evaluate various capital budgeting projects. However, it is important to realize that the WACC

is only an appropriate discount rate for a project of average risk$-$in other words, a project that has the same beta as the company. If a

project has less risk than the overall company risk, it should be evaluated with a lower discount rate; if a project is riskier than the

overall company risk, it should be evaluated using a discount rate higher than the company WACC.

Analyze the cost of capital situations of the following company cases, and answer the specific questions that finance professionals need to address.

Consider the case of Turnbull Co$.$

Turnbull Co$.$ has a target capital structure of $45\%$ debt, $4\%$ preferred stock, and $51\%$ common equity. It has a before$-$tax cost of debt of $11\mathrm{.}1\%,$ and

its cost of preferred stock is $12\mathrm{.}2\%.$

If Turnbull can raise all of its equity capital from retained earnings, its cost of common equity will be $14\mathrm{.}7\%.$ However, if it is necessary to raise new

common equity, it will carry a cost of $16\mathrm{.}8\%.$

If its current tax rate is $40\%,$ how much higher will Turnbull's weighted average cost of capital $($WACC$)$ be if it has to raise additional common equity

capital by issuing new common stock instead of raising the funds through retained earnings? $($Note: Do not round your intermediate calculations.$)$

$1\mathrm{.}44\%$

$0\mathrm{.}96\%$

$1\mathrm{.}07\%$

$1\mathrm{.}28\%$

Turnbull Co$.$ is considering a project that requires an initial investment of $$570,000.$ The firm will raise the $$570,000$ in capital by issuing $$230,000$ of

debt at a before$-$tax cost of $9\mathrm{.}6\%,$ $$20,000$ of preferred stock at a cost of $10\mathrm{.}7\%,$ and $$320,000$ of equity at a cost of $13\mathrm{.}5\%.$ The firm faces a tax rate

of $40\%.$ What will be the WACC for this project? $,\_($Note: Do not round intermediate calculations.$)$

Consider the case of Kuhn Co$.$

Kuhn Co$.$ is considering a new project that will require an initial investment of $$20$ million. It has a target capital structure of $45\%$ debt, $4\%$ preferred

stock, and $51\%$ common equity. Kuhn has noncallable bonds outstanding that mature in $15$ years with a face value of $$1,000,$ an annual coupon rate

of $11\%,$ and a market price of $$1,555\mathrm{.}38.$ The yield on the company's current bonds is a good approximation of the yield on any new bonds that it

issues. The company can sell shares of preferred stock that pay an annual dividend of $$8$ at a price of $$92\mathrm{.}25$ per share. You can assume that Jordan

does not incur any flotation costs when issuing debt and preferred stock.

Kuhn does not have any retained earnings available to finance this project, so the firm will have to issue new common stock to help fund it$.$ Its

common stock is currently selling for $$33\mathrm{.}35$ per share, and it is expected to pay a dividend of $$1\mathrm{.}36$ at the end of next year. Flotation costs will

represent $8\%$ of the funds raised by issuing new common stock. The company is projected to grow at a constant rate of $9\mathrm{.}2\%,$ and they face a tax

rate of $40\%.$ Determine what Kuhn Company's WACC will be for this project.