The world is experiencing an evolution of Smart Cities. Cities are becoming smarter by the year. With the enormous increase of new and better technologies, cities have more possibilities to use this in their operations. These emerge from innovations in information technology that, while they create new economic and social opportunities, pose challenges to our security and expectations of privacy. Humans are already interconnected via smart phones and gadgets. Smart energy meters, security devices and smart appliances are being used in many cities. Homes, cars, public venues and other social systems are now on their path to the full connectivity known as the $$Internet of Things.$$ Standards are evolving for all of these potentially connected systems. They will lead to unprecedented improvements in the quality of life. To benefit from them, city infrastructures and services are changing with new interconnected systems for monitoring, control and automation. Intelligent transportation, public and private, will access a web of interconnected data from GPS location to weather and traffic updates. Integrated systems will aid public safety, emergency responders and in disaster recovery. Big data, has huge potential to increase and make use of smart city services. Big data is basically huge amounts of data that can be analyzed by businesses to make appropriate strategic moves and business decisions. Big data analysis is implemented to study large volumes of data to uncover patterns and get insights to extract valuable information.

Information and communications technology $($ICT$)$ plays a major role in smart cities by making data that's collected through information technology components available. This technology, also called the Internet of Things $($IoT$),$ works by communicating between connected devices while exchanging data that requires internet, wireless connections, and other communication mediums. Mainly, smart cities make use of IoT devices to fetch data and efficiently process it for implementing it in a particular area. Smart city sensors and connected devices collect data from various smart city gateways installed in a city and then analyze it for better decision$-$making. Making use of ICT in smart cities will help reduce environmental footprints and result in the optimum use of resources.

Smart cities have to create new ways to connect citizens with cities and businesses, improve IT operations and increase transparency. Cloud computing provides all of these abilities.

The benefits of Information and Computing Technologies $($ICT$)$ in a Smart City and of the Internet of Things are tremendous. These benefits must be considered against the potential harm that may come from this massively interconnected world. Technical, administrative and financial factors must be weighted with the legal, political and social environment of the city.

QUESTION $1(20$ Marks$)$

discuss and elaborate on any FIVE $(5)$ vulnerabilities of the interconnected world.

QUESTION $2(20$ Marks$)$

$2\mathrm{.}1$ Discuss measures to ensure system availability regarding Smart Cities. $(16$ marks$)$

$2\mathrm{.}2.$ Smart Cities includes majority of wireless connectivity. It is becoming more important users to protect their data and electronic transmissions as wireless networks and their access points proliferate around Smart Cities. Explain any TWO $(2)$ protection measures. $(4$ marks$)$

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QUESTION $3(20$ Marks$)$

$$Big data, has huge potential to increase and make use of smart city services$.$ Discuss any FIVE $(5)$ areas in a smart city where big data or big data analysis has the biggest impact.

QUESTION $4(20$ Marks$)$

Elaborate on any FIVE $(5)$ ways that Cloud computing $$connect citizens with cities and businesses, improves IT operations and increases transparency$$ in a smart city.

QUESTION $5(20$ Marks$)$

$5\mathrm{.}1$The world is experiencing an evolution of Smart Cities.$$ Discuss in detail any TWO $(2)$ examples of smart cities around the world and the services offered by each. $(10$ marks$)$

$5\mathrm{.}2$ Internet of Things $($IoT$)$ is revolutionizing the way smart cities function. Briefly explain any FIVE $(5)$ applications of IoT in a typical smart city.