Theory Experiment No.2 FLOW THROUGH FITTINGS Background And Theory One Of The Most Common Problem In Fluid Mechanics Is The Estimation Of Pressure Loss. Calculating Pressure Losses Is Necessary For Determining The Appropriate Size Pump. Knowledge Of The Magnitude Of Frictional Losses Is Of Great Importance Because It Determines The Power Requirements Of The

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tee-line flow. Gate Valve

 

 

Theory Experiment No.2 FLOW THROUGH FITTINGS Background and Theory One of the most common problem in fluid mechanics is the estimation of pressure loss. Calculating pressure losses is necessary for determining the appropriate size pump. Knowledge of the magnitude of frictional losses is of great importance because it determines the power requirements of the pump forcing the fluid through the pipe. For example, in refining and petrochemical industries, these losses have to be calculated accurately to determine where booster pumps have to be placed when pumping crude oil or other fluids in pipes to distances thousands of kilometres away. Pipe losses in a piping system result from a number of system characteristics, which include among others; pipe friction, changes in direction of flow, obstructions in flow path, and sudden or gradual changes in the cross-section and shape of flow path. Whenever the velocity of a fluid is changed, either in direction or magnitude, by a change in the direction or size of the conduit, friction additional to the skin friction from flow through the straight pipe is generated. Such friction includes form friction resulting from vortices which develop when the normal streamlines are disturbed and when boundary-layer separation occurs. The form friction is due to the obstructions present in the line of flow, it may be due to a bend or a control valve or anything which changes the course of motion of the flowing fluid. Fittings and valves also disturb the normal flow lines and cause friction. In short lines with many fittings, the friction loss from the fittings may be greater than that from the straight pipe. As in straight pipe, velocity increases through valves and fittings at the expense of head loss. This can be expressed by equation similar to Equation 1: 12 hye-Ke 29 (1) Where V is the average velocity of the pipe leading to fitting. K, is called the resistance coefficient and is defined as the number of velocity heads lost due to the valve or fitting. It is a