There are lots of techniques that we can use to try to calm down or relax when we are feeling anxious or tense. One strategy is deep breathing (see this link for some tips on deep breathing, https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/uz2255(Links to an external site.)). A professor is interested in examining how deep breathing can reduce feelings of anxiety. She recruits participants in her class right before the final exam, when their feelings of anxiety would be high. She measures their current levels of anxiety, instructs them to engage in 2 minutes of deep breathing, and then measures their anxiety again after they've completed the breathing. Below are the anxiety levels of each student before and after deep breathing. Your job is to determine if their anxiety levels significantly decrease after deep breathing.

Before Deep Breathing	After Deep Breathing
17	13
16	14
12	14
10	9
10	7
9	6
8	1

1. What's the null hypothesis for this research question?

a. Ha: Anxiety levels are significantly lower after deep breathing

b. Ho: Anxiety levels after deep breathing anxiety levels before deep breathing

2. What's the alternative hypothesis for this research question?

a. Ho: Anxiety levels are the same before and after deep breathing

b. Ha: Anxiety levels are significantly lower after deep breathing

3. What's the best statistical test to use to analyze this research question?

a. One way ANOVA

b. Correlation coefficient

c. Dependent samples t-test

d. Independent sample t-test

e. One sample z-test

f. F statistic

4. The next step is to compute the test statistic. What is the t-statistic value (make sure you're using the t-test formula for the dependent samples t-test).

5. Now, you tell me: what are the degrees of freedom?

6. Should you do a one-tailed or two-tailed test here? Think about whether the hypothesis is directional or non-directional!

a. one tailed

b. two tailed

7. What is the critical value?

8. Based on the t-value provided and the critical value, what is your decision about this research study?

a. There is a significant decrease in anxiety after deep breathing

b. There is not a significant decrease in anxiety before and after deep breathing.

9. Write up your results as you would see them in an APA style write up. Don't forget to include your means and sds for the before and after data!

design a study that uses a dependent samplest-Test design and a study that uses an independent samplest-Test. Be sure to base your two studies on the same general topic (in other words, apply the same research question to a study where you would use an independent samples t-test design and a study where you would use a dependent samples t test design).

10. design a study that uses a dependent samplest-Test design and a study that uses an independent samplest-Test. Be sure to base your two studies on the same general topic (in other words, apply the same research question to a study where you would use an independent samples t-test design and a study where you would use a dependent samples t test design).

11. What's your dependent samples t-test study? Tell me your IV and how you would manipulate the IV, and your DV. This needs to be your own original study idea (and it needs to be the same general topic as your independent samples t-test study).It should be very clear why your example is an appropriate example for a dependent samples t-test design.