Think about the accompanying punctuation for articulations (where Id is a terminal image Explain in what chief regard this syntax is inadmissible. (b) Assuming further that + is to be left-affiliated, ^ is to be correct cooperative and / is to be non-affiliated.

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(a) a 2000-line gadget driver for a security basic sensor on board an airplane; (b) a 100,000-line motor control unit for a diesel motor that adjusts it for use in trucks, generators or water system siphons;Assuming further that + is to be left-affiliated, ^ is to be correct cooperative and / is to be non-affiliated are permitted), re-compose the language to mirror this. (c)List the terminal images and non-terminal images, and count the creation rules both in the first syntax and in the sentence structure in your response to part (b). a million line person to person communication site like Facebook or MySpace; (d) a 50,000,000-line working framework.

115 Software and Interface Design (a) Define briefly, for each of the following techniques, what its purpose is and how it is conducted.Describe how polled I/O works and state its disadvantages. Under what conditions is polling a sensible approach? Describe an alternative approach. (You may find it helpful to provide a few lines of psuedo code.) [4 marks] 2. What advantages does direct memory access (DMA) provide? Describe its operation as seen by a device driver in the operating system. (You may find it helpful to a few lines of psuedo code.) [5 marks] 3.To what extent does heterogeneity in I/O systems add complexity to an operating system? [2 marks]L[3 marks] (ii) Give a function run2diff which can be applied to your answer to part (c)(i). When so applied it should give a value in the IO monad which corresponds to ML code that runs add1 twice and returns the difference between the values read. [4 marks] (d) State what happens when attempting to compile and execute the following Java fragment (explaining the origin of any error messages or exceptions which might arise). Object n = new Integer(42), o = new String("Whoops"); c) List the terminal images and non-terminal images, and count the creation rules both in the first syntax and in the sentence structure in your response to part (b). Demonstrate the beginning image in the two sentence structures. [2 marks] c) List the terminal images and non-terminal images, and count the creation rules both in the first syntax and in the sentence structure in your response to part (b). Demonstrate the beginning image in the two sentence structures. [2 marks] (d) Define a sort or types (in C, Java, or ML) appropriate for holding a theoretical linguistic structure tree coming about because of your solution to part (b). (e) Give a brief and rudimentary clarification of the standards of how the language coming about because of part (b) may be utilized to make a sentence structure analyser taking a token stream as information (by means of calls to work lex()) and giving as result an theoretical language structure tree relating to part (d). Notice both transcribed also, consequently created grammar analysers. (c) List the terminal images and non-terminal images, and count the creation rules both in the first syntax and in the sentence structure in your response to part (b). Demonstrate the beginning image in the two sentence structures. [2 marks] (d) Define a sort or types (in C, Java, or ML) appropriate for holding a theoretical (d) Define a sort or types appropriate for holding a theoretical linguistic structure tree coming about because of your solution to part (b).[2 marks] (d) Define a sort or types (in C, Java, or ML) appropriate for holding a theoretical linguistic structure tree coming about because of your solution to part (b). (e) Give a brief and rudimentary clarification of the standards of how the language coming about because of part (b) may be utilized to make a sentence structure analyser taking a token stream as information (by means of calls to work lex()) and giving as result an theoretical language structure tree relating to part (d). Notice both transcribed also, consequently created grammar analysers. (c) List the terminal images and non-terminal images, and count the creation rules both in the first syntax and in the sentence structure in your response to part (b). Demonstrate the beginning image in the two sentence structures. [2 marks] (d) Define a sort or types (in C, Java, or ML) appropriate for holding a theoretical (d) Define a sort or types appropriate for holding a theoretical linguistic structure tree coming about because of your solution to part (b). (a) Describe the tasks that should be carried in implementing a front end for this language and any difficulties that might be encountered. [5 marks] (b) Suppose that the target virtual machine is stack-oriented and that the stack elements are integer values, and addresses can be stored as integers. Explain which other features are required in such a virtual machine. Invent a simple language of instructions for such a machine and show how it would be used to implement each of the expressions. [10 marks] (c) Suppose that the following rules are proposed as possible optimizations to be implemented in your compiler. expression simplifies to expression (fst e, snd e) e fst (e1, e2) e1 snd (e1, e2) e2 Describe how you could implement these rules so that the simplifications are made only when the program's semantics is correctly preserved. [5 marks] 5 (TURN OVER) CST.2016.3.6 5 Concepts in Programming Languages (a) Explain what is meant by a monad in a programming language, giving the two fundamental operations of a monad along with their types.