This is a case study of project evaluation.

An Investment Analysis Case Study

This case is a group project that is due on April 1, before class at 10.30.

Stating the obvious: Each group will turn in one report (sounds obvious, but might as well make it explicit) electronically (as a pdf file). While you should include your cash flows tables in your report, you don't have to attach your excel spreadsheets. Cover page: Each report should have a cover page that contains the following - the names of the group members in alphabetical order and the following summary information on the analysis:

Decision on Investment: Invest or Do not invest Cost of capital: % value Return on capital: % value NPV - 10-year life: $ value

NPV- Longer life: $ value Report format: Please try to keep your report brief. In the report, be clear about:

Any assumptions you made to get to your conclusion

Your final recommendation

Exhibits: Please make sure that you include the following in your exhibits

The table of earnings/cash flows by year

Your computation of cost of equity/capital/discount rate

Time: To keep time straight, you can assume the following: Next year: Year 1 Most recent year: Just ended Right now: Time 0. Any "up front" expenditure is incurred immediately.

The Setting

Apple Disrupts the Auto Market: The Apple iCar?

Apple Inc. has had a very good run, both in terms of earnings and stock prices, over the last decade. Based largely on the success of the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad, the company has reported double digit growth in revenues and earnings over the last few years (see exhibit 1) and its stock price has reflected this success (see exhibit 2). It has a substantial cash balance and a strong balance sheet (see exhibit 3 for balance sheet information). However, Tim Cook, CEO of Apple, is concerned that the halcyon days of the iPhone are coming to an end and is under pressure from financial markets to come up a new product in a big market. The Proposal

Apple is considering entering the automobile market with an innovatively designed electric car, called the iCar, aimed at the premium end of the automobile market. You have been asked to collect the data to make the assessment and have come back with the following information:

R&D Expenses: Apple has already spent (and expensed) $ 5 billion on research on the automotive technology and development of the commercial design. None of that money can be recouped at this stage, if Apple decides not to go ahead with the iCar.

Introductory Costs; If Apple decides to go ahead with the iCar investment, it will have to spend $22 billion up front (right now) to lock in suppliers, distributors and retailers and to invest in infrastructure. The cost is depreciable over the next 10 years, down to a salvage value of $ 2 billion, and Apple expects to use straight-line depreciation.

Market Potential and Share: In the premium auto market (including all cars priced at or above $60,000) there were 5 million automobiles sold globally in the most recent year and the market is expected to grow approximately 4% a year for the next decade. Apple expects to gain a 2% market share next year if the iCar is introduced and increase that market share by 2% a year (4% in the second year, 6% in the third year, 8% in the fourth year and 10% in year 5) to reach a target market share of 10% of the overall market by the fifth year. It expects to maintain that market share beyond year 6.

Pricing and Unit Costs: Apple expects to price its cars at $ 75,000 a unit next year and the price will keep pace with inflation after that. Based upon the costs of the the materials used in the iCar currently, Apple expects the production cost per unit to be $ 50,000 next year and grow at the inflation rate thereafter.

Marketing Options and Costs: Apple plans to use two different retailing options. In the first, it will sell the iCar through auto retailers and pay the retailers a commission of 10% of the price per unit sold (The retailers will have to follow Apple's fixed price schedule - no discounting allowed). In the second, it will sell the iCar through the Apple Auto Stores around the country. To do the latter, Apple will have to spend $5 billion right now in creating the stores; this expense will be depreciated straight line over the next 10 years to a salvage value of zero. It will also pay its sales people a commission of 5% of the price per unit for every car sold at an Apple Auto store. Apple expects to generate 80% of its revenues from specialty retailers and 20% from Apple Auto Store sales each year for the next 10 years.

Geographical breakdown: Apple expects to get its revenues from the iCar globally, with the following breakdown for revenues:

Region	% of Revenues
Africa	2.00%
Asia	30.00%
Australia & New Zealand	8.00%
Central and South America	10.00%
Eastern Europe & Russia	5.00%
Middle East	5.00%
North America	25.00%
Western Europe	15.00%

Apple expects this revenue breakdown for the iCar to be stable over time. The regional country risk premiums (over and above the mature market premium) are provided in exhibit 4. You can assume that the premium for mature markets (Aaa rated countries) is 5.75%.

7. Production Facilities and Costs: Apple currently uses a manufacturing facility in Singapore to make batteries for its devices (iPhone, iPod and iPad). Apple used only 40% of the facility in the most recent year but the device market is expected to grow 12% a year for the next 10 years. If Apple goes ahead with the iCar, it will use the excess capacity to produce batteries for the iCar, with every 10,000 iCar batteries using 1% of the capacity. (Thus, in a given year, if 200,000 iCars are produced, it will take up 20% of the total capacity of the battery factory). If the capacity limit is reached, Apple will have to invest a substantial amount to create a new facility of equivalent capacity. The current estimate of the cost of building a new facility is $ 5 billion, but this cost will grow at the inflation rate.

G&A expenses: Apple will allocate 10% of its existing general and administrative costs to the new division. These costs total $ 7.5 billion for the entire firm in the most recent year and are expected to grow 5% a year for the next 10 years, with or without the iCar investment. In addition, it is expected that Apple will have an increase of $ 0.5 billion in general and administrative costs next year when Apple iCar is introduced, and this amount will grow with the new division's dollar revenues after that. The latter cost is directly related to the new iCar division.

Advertising Expenses: Apple spent $ 8 billion on advertising in the most recent year. If Apple does not invest in the iCar, it expects this cost to increase 5% a year for the next 10 years. If the iCar is introduced, the total advertising expenses each year, from years 1 to 10, are expected to be 15% higher than they would have been without the iCar division.

10.Working Capital: The iCar will create working capital needs, which you have estimated as follows:

The sale of iCars to retailers will create accounts receivable amounting to 5% of revenues each year.

Inventory (of both the input material and finished iCars) will be approximately 10% of the variable production cost (not including depreciation, marketing costs, allocations or advertising expenses).

Accounts payable will be 6% of the variable production cost (not including depreciation, marketing costs, allocations or advertising expenses).

All of these working capital investments will have to be made at the beginning of each year in which goods are sold. Thus, the working capital investment for the first year will have to be made at the beginning of the first year.

11. Side benefits for device sales: If Apple goes ahead with the Apple iCar, it will see revenues for the iPhone and iPad increase by $2 billion next year (as they are integrated into the iCar), and grow at the inflation rate after that. The after-tax operating margin (after tax operating income/ revenues) is 40% for all Apple devices (iPads and iPhones).

Risk Measures: The beta for Apple is 0.79, calculated using weekly returns over the last 2 years and against the S&P 500 Index and 0.95 against the MSCI Global Index(see exhibit 5). Apple currently gets about 56% of its revenues from smartphones/tablets, 25% from computers and 19% from retail. The details of the beta calculation are included in Exhibit 5, as well as bottom up beta estimates for each of the three businesses of Apple. The current stock price for the firm is $ 128.85/share and there are 5,824.5 million shares outstanding.

Debt Choices: Apple expects to finance the iCar division using the same mix of debt and equity (in market value terms) as it is using currently in the rest of its business. Apple's currently has $36.4 billion in book value of interest bearing debt (with a weighted average maturity of 5 years) and it reports the following lease commitments for the future:

Year Lease commitment

2015 $ 662 million

2016 $ 676 million

2017 $ 645 million

2018 $ 593 million

2019 $ 534 million

Beyond $ 1,877 million The lease payment for the most recent year is $717 million. Apple was rated AA+ and the default spread for companies with that rating is 0.50%.

Taxes: Apple's effective tax rate is 26%, but its marginal tax rate is 40%.

Macro data: The current long-term US Treasury bond rate is 2.0%, and the expected

inflation rate is 1.5%.

Other information: You have collected information on other automobile companies in

Exhibit 6. The data includes the regression betas of these companies and relevant information on both market values of debt, equity and cash. You can assume a 40%marginal tax rate for these firms, as well. (You can also assume that the debt includes the present value of operating leases).

Questions on the Project 1. Accounting Return Analysis

Estimate the operating income from the proposed iCar investment to Apple over the next 10 years.

Estimate the after-tax return on capital for the investment over the 10-year period.

Based upon the after-tax return on capital, would you accept or reject this project?

This will require you to make some assumptions about allocation and expensing. Make your assumptions as consistent as you can and estimate the return on capital.

Cash Flow Analysis

Estimate the after-tax incremental cash flows from the proposed iCar investment to Apple over the next 10 years.

If the project is terminated at the end of the 10th year, and both working capital and investment in other assets can be sold for book value at the end of that year, estimate the net present value of this project to Apple. Develop a net present value profile and estimate the internal rate of return for this project.

If the iCar division is expected to have a life much longer than 10 years, estimate the net present value of this project, making reasonable assumptions about investments needed and cash flows. Develop a net present value profile and estimate the internal rate of return for this project.

Sensitivity Analysis

Estimate the sensitivity of your numbers to changes in at least three of the key assumptions underlying the analysis (You get to pick what you think are the three key assumptions).

Based upon your analysis, and any other considerations you might have, tell me whether you would accept this project or reject it. Explain, briefly, your decision.

Exhibit 4: Country Risk Premiums by region (over and above the mature market premium)

Region	Country Risk Premium (GDP Weighted Average)
Africa	5.98%
Asia	1.51%
Australia & New Zealand	0.00%
Central and South America	4.20%
Eastern Europe & Russia	3.33%
Middle East	1.10%
North America	0.00%
Western Europe	1.13%

Regression against S&P 500

Regression against MSCI (World Equities)

Exhibit 5: Apple's Beta

Business	% of Apple's Revenues	Unlevered Beta
Smartphones & Tablets (Devices)	56%	1.05
Computers	25%	1.30
Retail	19%	1.20

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Exhibit 6: Automobile Companies

The data includes all publicly traded automobile companies listed globally, with a market capitalization exceeding $1 billion. Click on this link to get the data in an excel spreadsheet.