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DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS FOR LAB ACTIVITY COMPLETION: This is your lab activity for the course chapter ten (10) Therefore, the rst step 1s to visit the following webpage: MW The purpose of this webpage 1s to provide you with the simulation to complete this lab activity. This lab activity requires you to produce a lab report. OBJECTIVES: Objectives At the end of this lab activity, the student Discuss states of matter, heat energy, and should be able to -) temperature At the end of this lab activity, the student should be able to _) changes, temperature conversions, aetc. At the end of this lab activity, the student Devise experiments and write satisfactory should be able to -) laborato re u orts INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONIPLETING THE LAB ACTIVITY: 1. Click on \"Run New\" within the simulation. hp://phet.colorado.edur'enfsimulationegacy/uid-pressure-and-ow 2. After opening the simulation, choose Pressure. Run the simulation. 3. Use the simulation to develop the laboratory report. 4. Ensure that you have completed the lab report. DIRECTIONS TO DEVELOP LAB REPORT: 1. For this section, you must write a laboratory report to determine the relationship between temperature and pressure. Use the simulation to conduct your experiment and gather data for this section Under the heading, \"Supporting Activities,\" some possible activities are given (These activities are to g1ve you an understanding of the experiments you can use for your lab report). 2. Follow the general outline of a lab report as provided in the link below: http:ffwww.utm.edufstafffcerkalfreporthtml 3. Remember to show your calculations. These laboratory reports will prepare you to do well in future lab activities and in the project. Supporting Activities (Provided only to support the develo ment of your lab report Do not submit the activities given here wit the lab report. n this section, you only hilvin to produce the lab report covering all the headings of a lab report with data and c c ations : States at Matter 1) Kinetic energy (KB) is the energy of 2) Potential energy (PE) is the energy of 3) What property of a substance corresponds to the average KB of its particles? 4) What property of a substance corresponds to the average PE of its particles? 5) List the three common states of matter in order of highest potential to lowest. e-Lab: 1) Open m simulation States a! Matter. 2) The beginning of the lab starts with Neon in a solid state at 13 K. (Kelvin (K) is a unit of temperature like Celsius and Fahrenheit). You can heat or cool the substances in the container by sliding the bar on the bucket to Heat (for re) or Cool (for ice). Slide the bar to Cool and cool the neon to U K (this will take a while). a) The atoms are .. . A) not moving. B) vibrating about a xed position. C) sliding past each other. D) moving independently around the container. b) Is this physically possible (think Third Law of Thermodynamics)? c) Go up to the tab that says \"teacher" and change the temperature scale 'om Kelvin to Celsius. According to this 0 K = \"C. Change the scale back to Kelvin. d) Notice the pattern of the atoms relative to each other. This pattern can best be described as A) rectangular B) hexagonal C) octagonal D) amorphous (random or no pattern) This pattem is the solid Neon's crystalline structure. 3) Click on the \"Solid" button on the right of the page. This puts the Neon's temperature back to 13 K. What is this temperature in Celsius? a) The atoms are A) not moving. B) vibrating about a xed position. C) sliding past each other. D) moving independently around the container. b) Are the atoms still in their crystalline pattern even though they're moving? 4) Heat the solid Neon to 20 K. What is this temperature in Celsius? a) What happens to the motion of the atoms? b) Are the atoms still in the crystalline pattern? 5) Heat the Neon to 30 K. What is this temperature in Celsius? a) The atoms are ... A) not moving. B) vibrating about a xed position. C) sliding past each other. D) moving independently around the container. b) What state does this represent? Every now and then one atom gains enough energy to brenkeeorn the group. This is coiled a vapor. 6) Heat the Neon to 60 K. What is this temperature in Celsius? a) The atoms are ... A) not moving. B) vibrating about a xed position. C) sliding past each other. D) moving independently around the container. b) What state is this? c) Are all of the atoms moving at the same speed? d) Does one individual atom always go the same speed? c) Temperature corresponds to the KB (or speed) of the atoms. 7) Heat the Neon to 120 K. a) On average, the speed of the atoms is the speed of the atoms at 60 K. A) half B) twice C) sixty times D) the same as 8) Look at water as a gas. The molecules now have two types of motion. Linear and 9) Look at water as a solid. Notice the pattern. Now look at Neon, Argon, and Oxygen as a solid. What do you notice in terms of the space between the particles? 10) Most substances shrink when they freeze from a liquid into a solid, but because of water's unique shape, when it freezes it actually 1]) [PC = K 100C = K xC = K Here is the simulation we will be using for this lab: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/fluid-pressure-and-flow After opening the simulation, choose Pressure. You should see this image: Fluid Pressure and Flow (1.02) Zile Help Pressure Flow Water Tower Prepare Ruler Grid Atmosphere 101 300 KP Units- . Metne Atmospheres English Reset All Fluid Density 1000 kgimp Gravity 9.8 mis So, lab 10 can measure the effect of depth on the total pressure of a fluid. The equation for that relationship is: Fill pool with water P = P Density p h of water P = Po + p(g)(h) - - - - - - W = mgSo, in the image above Po is the pressure of the atmosphere. This is accepted as a pressure of one atmosphere or 1 atm, which is equivalent to 101.35 kilopascals or 101350 Pa. Be diligent with units now! I am going to help with what you need to measure, but your understanding of physics will be supported by whether, or not, you work through the correct units for all measurements so that the correct units will cancel out. The equation for pressure is Pressure = Force I Area. The accepted units in a physics problem are Pressure ==?_ Newtons/ m"2 So, if a force of 100 N is applied over an area of 5ml'2 then the pressure would be 100 N/ 5m"2__= 20 N/mAZ or 20 Pascals. Units of Wm"?! are also called Pascals (Pa). So, Pascals are the units of pressure that we work with when we are solving most physics problems. But sometimes kilopascals are the units we use when measuring because those units make the values more manageable, especially when we are measuring the pressure of the atmosphere at sea-level which is around 100,000 Pascals, or 100ki|opasca|s. Let's go back to the image. Fill pool with water P=Pn ' _ Density p of water P = Pu + plain-l Now to prove the equation above the red line you will be changing the depth (h) and you will be measuring the total pressure using the pressure sensor. Do not use the equation above to CALCULATE pressure. YOU HAVE TO MEASURE PRESSURE, NOT CALCUALTE IT. That would not be a scientific experiment it would be a math problem. The pressure sensor in the simulation measures the pressure of the water plus the atmospheric pressure above the water. You should not use the equation above the dotted red line to SOLVE for anything, but instead you will measure values to verify that the equation above the red dotted line is true according to your data. You can keep the pool filled all the way up butjust lower the pressure sensor to deeper depths to measure pressure at greater depths. I am repeating this because students in the past try to use the equation to calculate pressure, which is really not understanding what a scientic experiment is. You can't prove or disprove a physics equation if you only use the physics equation to verify that physics equation! The units for the pressure sensor will be given in kilopascals. 1 kilopascal = 1000 Pa 1 Pa = 1 Newton/m\"? For the image below, the pressure is 101.316 kPa which is also 101316 Pa. z' ' ' - I: Pre%re\\ ~ 1* totalekpa 'v' P = Po + p(g)(h) So, to prove the equation above and show the relationship between the pressure of a fluid and depth (which is a linear relationship], you are going to measure total pressure in Pa vs. depth, in meters, and create a graph using excel. The symbol P in the equation above will be your y values. These are the total pressures that you are measuring with the pressure sensor. You will need to convert these from kPa to Pa. The symbol h or depth will be your x values in meters. Make sure that you collect several data points, at least 10. You can measure depth in increments of 0.2 m because there are places on the ruler to point the pressure sensor. Include at least one screenshot of the set-up of the simulation where you measure the total pressure at some depth in your data section!!! So, once you have a graph in excel, you can use the video that I have previously given for getting a linear trendline. Make sure that you plot a scatter plot of pressure vs. depth. Be sure that the equation for the graph is shown on the graph. You can cut and paste the graph into your lab document. So, for your graph Y =_mx+ b is the same as P = Po + p(g)(h) This equation can be rearranged to P = (pg)h + P0 Do not calculate P in the equation above using the density of water and acceleration due to gravityjust graph P vs. h. You will get no credit for the lab if you do it that way. So, the y values should be your pressures measured with the sensor, but in different units, you will have to convert from the kilopascals into pascals. 1kPa = 1000Pa The slope should be the pg. You again will have to figure out the units for this so that The x values should be the depth, in meters. The y intercept should be the initial pressure even at zero meters of depth, which is the pressure of the atmosphere, again in units of Pa this y intercept should be about 101350 Pa. IF you get this for your y intercept then you know that you converted units correctly. Then once you can show your slope and your y intercept from the graph, you should calculate the density of water which is the symbol ,0 in kg/mAB because: P = (9.0)}: + Po Y==slope (x) + b Your slope = pg _ slope In terms of units this should be: The units for the slope should be y/x units or Palm. The unit for "g\" is m/s"2 A Pascal is a N/mAZ. A Newton = 1kg"m/s"2. So, the units for slope/g are ((N/mnzvme/snmmn is also ((kg*m/s"2/m\"2)/m)/m/s"2 All of this simplifies to kg/mAS if you look closely at the units above as the stuff in yellow cancels out. This makes sense because kg/mi'3 are the units for density which is what you are determining. You can then calculate a percent error comparing your experimental value of for the density of water to the accepted value of water which is 1000 kg/mAB. You should have a very small percent error if you do everything correctly. Show all your work by hand if you like. Then you can write a conclusion about how close you were and if your data supports the equation above and the idea that pressure of a fluid and depth are directly proportional. You can email me your lab early. Remember that my expectations for units and symbols are higher now, so if you turn in a lab with incorrect, missing units, you will likely not get a passing grade for the lab