THIS LAB IS NOT INCOMPLETE AS WE WERE GIVEN EVERYTHING IN THIS DOCUMENT TO CONTINUE IT.

ALL THE INFORMATION THAT IS NEEDED IS ATTACHED BELOW. The three seismograph from three cities: Tokyo, Hakodate, and Shibata is the last image. The appendix is the page before the seismograph.

1. Lab 2: Seismology of a 9.0 Earthquake in Japan ESSE 2030 DUE: One week after your lab section. Overview In this lab you will utilize seismograph data from three different seismic stations to identify the location of the earthquake's origin (the epicenter), and to identify localized intensities of the earthquake. Background A seismogram is a chart that is used to record the intensity of an earthquake within a localized region. It measures the acceleration of the earth underneath it vs. the passage of time: surface waves minute mark P S Figure 1 @200? MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY The seismograph will record both the primary wave (P) and the secondary wave (S) of the earthquake. The primary wave is much faster, and will arrive to the location first, while the secondary wave lags behind. The secondary wave appears as a much larger peak than the primary wave. The units of the x axis are in seconds, and the acceleration (or the intensity of the earthquake) is usually represented as a galileo (gal), where 1 gal: 1 chsAZ. The values from a seismo gram can be used to identify the severity of an earthquake. There are two main methods of understanding the severity of an earthquake. The first being the Richter Magnitude Scale developed by Charles Richter in 1940. This scale was developed in order to compare the intensities of differing earthquakes. The intensity (peak acceleration) of an earthquake is represented as: I = I0(10)M Where M is the magnitude. *See the appendix for how to compare two intensities. The effects of the different magnitudes of the Richter scale are as seen here: Richter Magnitude 0-2 2-3 3-4 4~5 5-5 5-? Earthquake effects Not felt by people Felt little by people Ceiling lights swing Walls crack Furniture moves Some buildings collapse Ma ny buildings destroyed Total destruction of buildings, bridges and roads The second method is a relative scale developed by Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902, and further modied, in order to determine the destructive properties of an earthquake: INTENSITY Shaking Not ielt Light Strong Very Strong Severe Violent Extreme Damage ' None None 'Very alight Moderate ModerateIr heavy Heartyr 'Very heavy Peak Acc l 4.1.1? 1.4-3.9 l 3.9-9.2 13-34 34-65 65-124 l >124 Peak Vel 1'1-3.4 3.4-8.1 31-60 Peek Ace = Peak ground acceleratlon (9)? Peak Vel = Peek ground veloelty (6W8) 60-116 >116 For further information about the earthquake you're going to study in this lab, this is a good article to read: Lab Portion: For this lab you are provided with three seismograms from three seismic stations htt s: threader.a thread 1096666602836127744 throughout Japan on March 11th 2011, the Great Tdhoku earthquake. The station titles, and seismographs of the event are as attached at the end of the lab sheet. For the first part of this lab, we would like you to locate the epicenter of the earthquake. To do this, identify the time Separation between the S wave and the P wave for each of the seismic stations. Use the following scale to identify the distance from the epicenter in km (you can ignore the Magnitude and Amplitude portions of the scale, as they are not applicable to measuring the distance): - 2 AMPLITUDE ..23 mm 10 20 S-P:24S 500 7-50 400- 306- - 30 200- 100- 60- 40- 20- 5- AMPLITUDE DISTANCE MAGNITUDE (Km) SP TIME (3) oJ In the attached files, there are three seismographs from three cities: Tokyo, Hakodate, and Shibata. Go to Google Earth and find these cities. Zoom out enough so that you can see all three at the same time. Screenshot this map because you will use it to find the epicenter. Make a scale bar for the map, so you can measure distances and plot the distance from each station that you find. Once the distance of each seismic station to the epicenter is measured, plot the stations on a map and draw circles around each station with a radius equal to that stations distance from the epicenter. The three circles will intercept near the location of the epicenter. Where was the epicenter located? Turn in: the map you created with a scale bar and identify the epicenter and the three seismic stations on your map. b. Use the below seismograms to identify the local Intensity of the earthquake at the three stations' locations, according to the Modified Mercalli Scale. What are the three intensity levels? Suppose you're given data from another station, station MYG016, which experience peak gravitational acceleration of 405.98 gal, and was measured to have a local Richter Scale magnitude of 7.8. Use the data from this station to calculate the Richter Scale magnitude of the other three stations (Hint: use ratios in the appendix) What are the three local magnitudes at each station? How do you think these Magnitude numbers align with the Mercalli intensity scale?Hakodate: HKD160 41.770 N 140.738 E 27.741465 [gal ] HKD160 (1) -27.741465 [gal ] 19.357894 [gal ] HKD160 (2) -19.357894 [gal ] 9.618536 [gal ] HKD160 (3) -9.618536 [gal ] 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 2011/03/11 14:47:33 [s] K NET NIED Copyright @ National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster ResilienceShibata: NIG009 37.951 N 139.330 E 29.522039 [gal ] NIGO09 (1) -29.522039 [gal ] 24.118360 [gal ] NIGO09 (2) -24.118360 [gal ] 13.287378 [gal] NIGO09 (3) -13.287378 [gal ] 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 2011/03/11 14:47:08 [s] K NET NIED Copyright @ National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster ResilienceTokyo: TKY022 35.687 N 139.776 E 183.754857 [gal ] TKY022 (1) -183.754857 [gal ] 177.898655 [gal ] TKY022 (2) -177.898655 [gal] 67.674797 [gal] TKY022 (3) -67.674797 [gal] - 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 2011/03/11 14:47:27 [s] K NET NIED Copyright @ National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster ResilienceAPPENDIX: A scale for comparing the intensities of earthquakes was devised around 1940, by a man named Charles Richter. The intensity of an earthquake is measured by the amount of ground motion as measured on a seismometer. The Richter scale is not designed so that you must know the actual intensities or seismometer readings. The scale is simply used to compare intensities according to the following rule: Each increase of 1 unit in magnitude on the Richter scale corresponds to a 10-fold increase in intensity as measured on a seismometer. This makes it relatively easy to compare the intensities of earthquakes with a magnitude difference of integer amounts. For example, the 1976 Italy earthquake was a magnitude of 6.5, while the Guatemala earthquake of the same year had a magnitude of 7.5, which is exactly one unit greater. This means the second earthquake was 10 times more intense than the first. How do we compare the intensities of earthquakes that do not differ by a whole number? We can do this by using a property of exponents. If we express the intensity I as an exponential function of the magnitude M. We will use the Alaska and Turkey earthquakes of 1964 and 1966. f = 3n (10)\" This represents the Alaska earthquake. And this is the Turkey earthquake. I, = r, (10)\" We are asked to compare intensities, so the ratio will be useful. _ 69 It" _ M10) =39.31 =approximately 40 times as intense.