This section should highlight the major findings of each article you selected for supervisor and peers. Specially address the following: a) What are the findings of each articles and what implications do they have individually and collectively for solving the health question? Support your answer with specific example from your field. b) Explain how key biostatistical calculations and methods support the conclusions in each article. Cite relevant information from the articles that support your answer. Article I Gender Differences in Self-Reported Symptoms of Depression among Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome 3.1. Baseline Characteristics The sample consisted of 789 adult (248 females and 541 males) patients admitted with ACS (Table 1). Ages ranged from 28 to 96 years. A total of 88 (35%) females and 120 (22%) males had BDI-II scores of 14 or higher. Sixty percent of the patients were hospitalized for their first ACS event. The majority of the patients were Caucasian males (64%), with a mean age of 61.35 years (S.D. = 11.56). A significantly higher percentage of females were not married (51% for females and 27% for males, ), lived alone (25.5% for females and 17.6% for males, ), and were less physically active (35% for females and 24% for males, ) than males. More than half of females in the study had less than high school education (52%, ), while the majority of males had at least some college or college degree (60%). Females were more likely to currently be taking antidepressants (21.3%) than males (10.57%) () and significantly more females (31.7%) than males (16.3%) () reported a history of depression diagnosis or treatment. Table 1: Comparison of demographic and clinical health characteristics of acute coronary syndrome patients. Variables N=789 Women (n=248) Men (541) P-value Age at consent M (year) SD 0.001 3* 0.0013* M (year) SD Range 28-96 29-96 32-95 BMI 0.2995 M (lb/inch2) SD Range 16.47- 58.57 16.47-61.33 18.09- 58.57 BDI Score (0-63) <0.0001* M SD Range 0-48 0-48 0-43 Race 0.0274* White 485 (61.47) 141 (56.85) 344 (63.59) Black 152 (19.26) 63 (25.40) 89 (16.45) Spanish/Hispanic Latino Descent 123 (15.59) 37 (14.92) 86 (15.90) 29 (3.68) 7 (2.82) 22 (4.07) Some other race Marital Status <0.0001* Single, Divorced, Separated, Widowed 272 (34.56) 126 (51.01) 146 (27.04) Married 515 (65.44) 121 (48.99) 394 (72.96) Living arrangement 0.0098* Live with spouse or family member 630 (79.95) 184 (74.49) 446 (82.44) Live alone 158 (20.05) 63 (25.51) 95 (17.56) Education <0.0001* High school 340 (43.26) 129 (52.23) 211 (39.15) Some college/vocational Technical 217 (27.61) 74 (29.96) 143 (26.53) College degree and above 229 (29.13) 44 (17.81) 185 (34.32) Smoking 0.0054* Yes, currently 178 (22.62) 54 (21.77) 124 (23.01) Yes, but quit (1 year) 290 (36.85) 74 (29.84) 216 (40.07) Never 319 (40.53) 120 (48.39) 199 (36.92) Alcohol Yes, currently Yes, but quit (1 year) Never <0.0001* 364 (46.43) 87 (35.22) 277 (51.58) 87 (11.10) 14 (5.67) 73 (13.59) 333 (42.47) 146 (59.11) 187 (34.82) Activity More active 0.0002* 354 (45.10) 86 (34.82) 268 (49.81) Less active 218 (27.77) 88 (35.63) 130 (24.16) About same 213 (27.13) 73 (29.55) 140 (26.02) Depressed (BDI 14) 208 (26.36) 88 (35.48) 120 (22.18) 0.0001* Current antidepressant use 108 (13.95) 52 (21.31) 56 (10.57) <0.0001* History of Depression feeling 251 (32.39) 107 (43.50) 144 (27.22) <0.0001* History of depression diagnosis or treatment 164 (21.19) 78 (31.71) 86 (16.29) <0.0001* Depression questions Note: values in parenthesis *Statistical significant at level of are percentages. Article II Gender-Specific Characteristics of Individuals with Depressive Symptoms and Coronary Heart Disease. Comparisons of Variables by Gender Of the 1951 CHD patients with depressive symptoms above community norms, 691 (35.4%) were women. In contrast, among patients without depressive symptoms, 395 (26.9%) were women (p < .001) Sample demographic and clinical characteristics of CHD patients with and without depressive symptoms are compared by gender in Tables 1 and and2.2. Among those with depressive symptoms, compared to men, women were older, more poorly educated, and more likely to be single and not working, and to have government-only or no health insurance. Compared to men with depressive symptoms, women with depressive symptoms were less likely to have a history of myocardial infarction or revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or bypass surgery, or to have attended cardiac rehabilitation programs. Conversely, women with depressive symptoms were more likely to have angina and hypertension than men with depressive symptoms. With few exceptions, gender comparisons of the two samples (with and without depressive symptoms) were similar. The only differences between samples with and without depressive symptoms were for history of myocardial infarction, angina, or cardiac rehab attendance. In the sample without depressive symptoms, there were no gender differences in these clinical characteristics. Sample with Depressive Symptoms (N= 1951) Sample without Depressive Symptoms (N = 1468) Variable Age Male Female (N = P Male Female (N = (N = (N = 691) 1073) 1129) 1260) Mean Mean Mean Mean (SD) (SD) (SD) (SD) 67.4 69.6 (9.8) < 65.5 68.3 < 0.001 (11.6) (11.5) 0.001 N (%) N (%) (10.1) N (%) N (%) Odds Ratio (95% CI) High school education 299 172 2.00 (1.57- (27.9) (43.5) 2.54) P Odds Ratio (95% CI) <0.001 438 379 2.28 (1.89- < (34.8) (54.8) 2.76) 0.001 Sample with Depressive Symptoms (N= 1951) Sample without Depressive Symptoms (N = 1468) Variable Male Female (N = (N = (N = 691) 1073) 1129) 1260) 197 195 4.34 (3.38- (18.4) (49.4) 5.57) Uninsured or 494 639 1.39 (1.10- government- (46.0) (56.6) 1.75) 96 (8.9) 39 (9.9) 1.12 (0.75- Single Male Female (N = P <0.001 0.006 P 276 344 3.53 (2.89- < (21.9) (49.8) 4.32) 0.001 610 389 1.37 (1.1 - 0.001 (48.4) (56.3) 1.65) 100 (7.9) 58 (8.4) 1.06 (0.7 - only health insurance Non-Caucasian 0.586 1.65) Not working 0.723 1.49) 716 314 1.93 (1.47- < 840 577 2.53 (2.0 - < (66.7) (79.5) 2.55) 0.001 (66.7) (83.5) 3.19) 0.001