To move merchandise that is about to be out of season $($e$.$g$.,$ sweaters, bathing suits, winter coats$),$ Kohl's is experimenting with a few options. It is considering putting these items on sale, placing them in front of the store to draw in customers, or changing the signage to more vibrant colors to capture consumers' attention. All of these possible actions are examples of

a$.$ nudge marketing

b$.$ punishers

c$.$ shaping

d$.$ extinction