Topanga Group began operations early in 2024. Inventory purchase information for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, for Topangas only product is provided below. The unit costs include the cost of freight. The company uses a periodic inventory system to report inventory and cost of goods sold.

Date of Purchase	Units	Unit Cost	Total Cost
January 7	2,000	$ 2.00	$ 4,000
February 16	18,000	3.00	54,000
March 22	22,000	4.00	88,000
Totals	42,000		$ 146,000

Sales for the quarter, all at $6 per unit, totaled 27,000 units leaving 15,000 units on hand at the end of the quarter.

Required:

1. Calculate Topanga's cost of goods sold for the first quarter using:
   • FIFO
   • LIFO
   • Average cost
2. Calculate Topanga's gross profit ratio for the first quarter using FIFO, LIFO, and Average cost.